Question 1

For younger adults,the human sleep cycle repeats itself about every

Accepted Answer

For younger adults (ages 18-25), the human sleep cycle, also known as the ultradian rhythm, repeats about every 90 minutes. This cycle includes various stages of sleep, including the lighter stages of non-REM sleep and the deeper stage of REM sleep. The cycle repeats throughout the night, with each cycle becoming longer and containing more deep sleep as the night progresses.

Question 2

Shawn works the third shift at a local factory.He often has trouble falling asleep and most days does not get enough rest.This increases the likelihood that he will develop all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

The answer of Shawn works the third shift at a...

Question 3

The body is internally aroused,with waking-like brain activity,yet asleep and externally calm during which sleep stage?

Accepted Answer

Paradoxical sleep, also known as REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, is characterized by a high level of brain activity similar to that of waking, but with muscle activity suppressed, resulting in external calmness. This is the stage during which dreaming occurs. N2 and N3 stages are non-REM sleep stages characterized by slower brain activity and deeper sleep. N1 is also a non-REM stage, but it is the lightest stage of sleep.

Question 4

Genital arousal is most likely to be associated with

Accepted Answer

Genital arousal, also known as nocturnal penile tumescence in males and vaginal lubrication in females, is most likely to be associated with REM sleep. This is because REM sleep is the stage of sleep in which the body experiences the most intense and vivid dreams, and the brain is most active. It is also during this stage that the body undergoes natural, involuntary physiological responses such as increased heart rate, rapid eye movements, and genital arousal.

Question 5

Identical twins have more similar sleep patterns than do fraternal twins,and people in industrialized nations go to bed later at night than their counterparts of a century ago.These facts best illustrate that sleep patterns are affected by both

Accepted Answer

The fact that identical twins have more similar sleep patterns than fraternal twins suggests that genetics plays a role in sleep patterns. On the other hand, the fact that people in industrialized nations go to bed later than their counterparts from a century ago suggests that environmental factors, such as changes in work/life demands and exposure to artificial light, also play a role. Therefore, sleep patterns are affected by both heredity and environment. None of the other options are relevant to the information provided.

Question 6

During REM (R)sleep,your skeletal muscles are relaxed because messages from the motor cortex are blocked by the

Accepted Answer

During REM sleep, the brainstem sends inhibitory signals to the motor cortex, which prevents it from sending messages to the muscles. This is why we experience muscle paralysis during REM sleep, also known as atonia.

Question 7

Three hours after she goes to sleep,Shoshanna's heart rate increases,her breathing becomes more rapid,and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids.Research suggests that Shoshanna is

Accepted Answer

Shoshanna is experiencing rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which is the stage of sleep when dreaming occurs. The increase in heart rate, rapid breathing, and rapid eye movement are all characteristic of this stage.

Question 8

Research indicates that Canadian,American,British,German,and Japanese adults tend to sleep ________ on workdays than on other days.They also tend to go to bed ________ than did their counterparts a century ago.

Accepted Answer

Research shows that in modern societies, adults tend to sleep less on workdays due to work and social commitments. Additionally, with the advent of electric lighting and technology such as television and the internet, people now go to bed later than they did in the past.

Question 9

The brain waves associated with REM (R)sleep are most similar to those of

Accepted Answer

The answer of The brain waves associated with REM (R)sleep...

Question 10

The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the

Accepted Answer

Light-sensitive retinal proteins trigger signals to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus, which is the control center for the body's circadian rhythm.

Question 11

After sleeping for about an hour and a half,José enters a phase of paradoxical sleep.He is likely to

Accepted Answer

During paradoxical sleep, also known as REM sleep, the muscles become very relaxed, almost immobilized. This is why it is often referred to as "paradoxical" sleep. Choices A, B, and C do not accurately describe the characteristics of paradoxical sleep.

Question 12

The pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls our circadian rhythm is

Accepted Answer

The pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls our circadian rhythm is the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Question 13

Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams.Research suggests that he probably

Accepted Answer

Research shows that everyone dreams, even if they do not remember their dreams. When people are awakened during REM sleep, they are more likely to report vivid dreams. Therefore, if Lance were awakened during REM sleep, he would probably report having a dream.

Question 14

The activation of light-sensitive proteins in our eyes' retinas signals our brain to decrease the production of

Accepted Answer

The activation of light-sensitive proteins in our eyes' retinas signals our brain to decrease the production of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. This decrease in melatonin production helps us feel more alert during the day.

Question 15

It is around 11:00 P.M.and Mark is beginning to feel extremely sleepy.This is because melatonin is being released by the

Accepted Answer

Melatonin is a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles and is released by the pineal gland in response to darkness. Therefore, option A is the correct answer. The pituitary gland releases other hormones such as growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. The thyroid gland releases hormones such as thyroxine and triiodothyronine that regulate metabolism. The hypothalamus plays a role in regulating the body's internal environment and controlling hormone release.

Question 16

During the course of a full night's sleep,young adults are most likely to spend more time in

Accepted Answer

During a full night's sleep, young adults spend more time in REM sleep than in N1 sleep. REM sleep periods get longer through the night, while N1 is typically the shortest and occurs mainly at the beginning of the sleep cycle.

Question 17

Compared with young adults,older adults are especially likely to

Accepted Answer

As we age, our deep sleep declines, causing us to spend less time in N3 (formerly known as Stage 3) sleep. Therefore, older adults are especially likely to spend less time in deep sleep.

Question 18

Exposure to bright light causes the

Accepted Answer

Exposure to bright light causes the pineal gland to decrease the production of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep cycles.

Question 19

REM (R)sleep is sometimes called paradoxical sleep because

Accepted Answer

During REM sleep, our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move. This creates a paradoxical situation where our brain is active and dreaming, but our body is essentially "paralyzed".

Question 20

In response to light,the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust the production of

Accepted Answer

The pineal gland is responsible for producing melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate sleep-wake cycles. The SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) is the master clock in the brain that regulates circadian rhythms, including the production of melatonin. When light is detected by the retina, signaling is sent to the SCN, which then inhibits the production of melatonin by the pineal gland. So, the correct answer is (C) melatonin.

Quiz 3: Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind