Question 1

Three girls spread a rumor that 7-year-old Heather is a bed-wetter who still uses a pacifier. This is an example of _____ aggression.

Accepted Answer

Relational aggression involves harming someone's reputation or social status through gossip, rumors, exclusion, or other non-physical means. The spreading of a rumor about Heather's bed-wetting and pacifier use fits this definition.

Question 2

Roderick hits or kicks Edwin on the playground nearly every day. He also encourages other children to laugh at Edwin's attempts to kick a ball. Roderick is using _____ aggression against Edwin.

Accepted Answer

Roderick's actions of hitting and encouraging others to mock Edwin consistently and intentionally is characteristic of bullying aggression.

Question 3

Karlene has just required her 4-year-old daughter to sit quietly, without toys or any form of play, for a few minutes after her daughter deliberately poured juice on the floor. This is an example of _____.

Accepted Answer

Time-out is a discipline technique where the child is required to sit in a designated spot for a short period, without any form of stimulation or reinforcement, after displaying unwanted behavior. This technique is used to help the child reflect on their behavior and understand that their actions have consequences. In this scenario, Karlene is using time-out as a consequence for her child's behavior, which was pouring juice on the floor.

Question 4

Of the different types of aggression, the most worrisome is _____.

Accepted Answer

Bullying is the most worrisome form of aggression as it involves repeated and intentional harm towards others, and can have long-lasting negative effects on the victim's mental health and well-being.

Question 5

Which scenario best illustrates prosocial behavior?

Accepted Answer

Prosocial behavior involves helping others without any expectation of personal gain. Of the options given, only D fits this criteria as Bethany is taking care of her sick mother's responsibilities by feeding her baby brother. The other options involve some form of personal gain or incentive.

Question 6

Aggression used to obtain a toy or other object is _____.

Accepted Answer

Aggression used to obtain a toy or other object is instrumental aggression, which is aimed at achieving a specific goal, such as obtaining a desired object or achieving a certain outcome. Bullying is a type of aggression that involves a power imbalance, and is often repeated over time. Reactive aggression is a response to a perceived threat or provocation. Personal aggression is motivated by a desire to harm or hurt someone else.

Question 7

Developmentalists who believe that children are born amoral and learn to adopt their community's rules of morality subscribe to the belief that moral development predominantly comes from _____.

Accepted Answer

Developmentalists who believe that children learn to adopt their community's rules of morality subscribe to the belief that moral development predominantly comes from nurture, or socialization and cultural influences.

Question 8

Psychological control as a means of discipline relies on a child's _____.

Accepted Answer

Psychological control relies on a child's feelings of shame, guilt, and gratitude rather than fostering a sense of belonging, pride or fearfulness. It may involve tactics such as withdrawing affection or love, controlling a child's emotional expression or denying the child autonomy.

Question 9

What is the hallmark of prosocial behavior?

Accepted Answer

Prosocial behavior is characterized by actions that are done to benefit others without any expectation or desire for personal gain.

Question 10

Which theory states that gender role differences are rooted in a basic urge to reproduce?

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary theory suggests that gender differences in behavior and attitudes are due to evolutionary adaptations that have helped humans reproduce and survive over time. This theory posits that the different roles played by males and females in reproduction (e.g. males providing sperm and females carrying and nurturing offspring) have led to the development of innate gender differences in behavior and attitudes.

Question 11

Which type of aggression tends to be most characteristic of 2-year-old children?

Accepted Answer

Reactive aggression is the most characteristic type of aggression that 2-year-old children display. This type of aggression is a response to frustration or a perceived threat and is often impulsive in nature. Bullying and relational aggression are more commonly seen in older children, while adaptive aggression is a type of aggression that is used to achieve a goal or solve a problem, which is not common in 2-year-olds.

Question 12

When Rawah, age 3, sees a little boy fall and hurt himself, a look of concern appears on her face. She is probably experiencing _____.

Accepted Answer

Rawah is showing concern for the little boy, which suggests that she is experiencing empathy – the ability to understand and share the feelings of others. Fear, sadness, and frustration are all possible emotions that Rawah could experience in response to witnessing the little boy's fall and injury, but concern is most closely associated with empathy.

Question 13

Children whose parents use psychological control as a means of discipline are more likely to _____.

Accepted Answer

Children whose parents use psychological control as a means of discipline are more likely to become relationally aggressive, as this type of control involves manipulating a child's emotions, needs, and desires in order to gain compliance, which can ultimately harm a child's ability to form healthy relationships and engage in appropriate social behaviors. There is no evidence to suggest that psychological control is inherently linked to physical bullying or frequent illnesses, and in fact, it may decrease a child's self-esteem.

Question 14

Developmentalists who believe that children are genetically programmed to defend and protect their parents subscribe to the belief that moral development predominantly comes from _____.

Accepted Answer

Developmentalists who believe that children are genetically programmed to defend and protect their parents hold the belief that moral development predominantly comes from nature, or innate genetic factors.

Question 15

_____ is a discipline technique that involves the parent talking to the child and helping the child to understand what he or she did wrong.

Accepted Answer

Induction is a discipline technique where the parent talks to the child and helps them understand what they did wrong. This can include discussing the impact of their actions on others or explaining why certain behaviors are not acceptable. Time-out, on the other hand, involves removing the child from a situation as a consequence for misbehavior. Psychoanalysis is a type of therapy, not a discipline technique, and behaviorism is a psychological approach that focuses on observable behaviors rather than thoughts or feelings.

Question 16

The most common discipline technique for a child's misbehavior that North American parents use with preschool children is _____.

Accepted Answer

According to research, the most common discipline technique used by North American parents for preschool children is time-outs. This involves removing the child from the situation and placing them in a designated spot for a short time, such as a chair or a corner, to give them a chance to calm down and reflect on their behavior. This technique is considered effective when used consistently and appropriately.

Question 17

Four-year-old Amelia wants to play with her brother Garth's trucks. Garth is 6, and he tells her she can't play with them because she's a girl. Garth's refusal is based on his _____.

Accepted Answer

Garth's refusal is based on his gender schema, which is a cognitive framework that organizes information and expectations about gender. In his gender schema, Garth has internalized the belief that trucks are for boys and therefore excludes his sister from playing with them.

Question 18

Which is an example of reactive aggression?

Accepted Answer

Reactive aggression is a type of aggression that is a response to a perceived provocation or threat. In this example, Joanie hitting Lexie is a reaction to Lexie bumping into her, which can be perceived as a threat or provocation.

Question 19

When would a time-out be the most effective discipline strategy?

Accepted Answer

The answer of When would a time-out be the most...

Question 20

Which scenario is an example of antisocial behavior?

Accepted Answer

Antisocial behavior is intentional behavior that goes against social norms and often harms others. Intentionally knocking over someone's blocks would fit this definition.

Quiz 10: Seciton 3: Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development