Question 1

Treatment of osteoarthritis Health professionals treating older adults with osteoarthritis are most likely to recommend which of the following approaches as a long-term strategy,particularly for individuals with mild symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Mild exercise is the recommended long-term strategy for individuals with mild symptoms of osteoarthritis. Exercise can improve joint function, reduce pain and stiffness, and increase strength and flexibility. Weight gain and bed rest can actually worsen symptoms, while corticosteroids are typically used for short-term pain relief due to their potential side effects.

Question 2

Alveoli destroyed in emphysema Destruction of the _______________ is a consequence of emphysema.

Accepted Answer

Emphysema is a lung disease that causes the destruction of the alveoli, which are the tiny air sacs in the lungs responsible for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Question 3

Global prevealnce The World Health Organization estimates that,in 2010,approximately _______ million people over the globe had diabetes.

Accepted Answer

In 2010, the World Health Organization estimated that approximately 171 million people worldwide had diabetes.

Question 4

Cause of diabetes Diabetes can be traced to the abnormal functioning of which bodily organ?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes can be traced to the abnormal functioning of the pancreas, specifically the beta cells which produce insulin. In Type 1 diabetes, the beta cells are destroyed, leading to a lack of insulin production. In Type 2 diabetes, the beta cells either do not produce enough insulin or the body becomes resistant to the insulin produced.

Question 5

Elastase as cause of COPD The increased release of elastase stimulated by cigarette smoking is thought to be a cause of which disease?

Accepted Answer

Elastase is an enzyme that breaks down elastin, a protein that helps maintain the integrity of lung tissue. The increased release of elastase stimulated by cigarette smoking leads to the destruction of elastin and causes structural changes in the lungs, leading to emphysema, a type of COPD. Cigarette smoking is the primary cause of emphysema.

Question 6

COPD example- choice A 65-year-old man smoked all his life and now has ____________,a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Accepted Answer

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are both components of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is a common lung disease often caused by smoking. Therefore, choice B is the best option.

Question 7

Education and prevalence U.S.estimates of the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease typically do not take into account the factor of ____________,which might lead in part to inflated prevalence statistics.

Accepted Answer

Lower education levels have been associated with a greater risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, prevalence estimates that do not take education into account may overestimate the true prevalence.

Question 8

Caspase theory- choice Which theory of Alzheimer's disease proposed that beta amyloid releases an enzyme that causes neuronal death?

Accepted Answer

The caspase theory of Alzheimer's disease proposes that beta amyloid activates caspases, which are enzymes that play a role in programmed cell death (apoptosis), leading to neuronal death.

Question 9

Treatment of diabetes Diabetes can be prevented and even treated by which behavior?

Accepted Answer

Monitoring weight and diet is the best way to prevent and treat diabetes. Increasing the intake of sugars and reducing involvement in exercise can actually contribute to the development of diabetes. While some studies suggest that moderate consumption of red wine may have some health benefits, it is not a recommended treatment for diabetes.

Question 10

Neurofibrillary tangle- stem In Alzheimer's disease,neurofibrillary tangles cause what changes to occur within the brain?

Accepted Answer

Neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease result from the twisted and tangled microtubules in the neurons, leading to structural changes and impaired neuronal function.

Question 11

Cause of COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)is almost always caused by:

Accepted Answer

Smoking is the primary cause of COPD, accounting for about 90% of cases. Other risk factors may include exposure to air pollution, occupational dust or chemicals, respiratory infections, and genetic factors.

Question 12

Risk factors for osteoporosis A middle-aged man is worried that his 83-year-old mother may develop osteoporosis,a reasonable concern because she:

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D is necessary for the absorption of calcium, which is essential for maintaining bone density. Lack of vitamin D intake can increase the risk of osteoporosis.  The other choices given do not necessarily increase the risk of osteoporosis.

Question 13

Behavioral risk factors Researchers investigating the role of lifestyle factors as modifying an individual's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease believe that __________ can play a protective role.

Accepted Answer

Exercise is widely recognized as a protective factor against Alzheimer's disease due to its benefits on brain health, including improved blood flow, reduced inflammation, and enhanced neuroplasticity.

Question 14

Plaques made up of beta amyloid The plaques found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease are made up of which substance?

Accepted Answer

The plaques found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease are made up of beta amyloid, a protein fragment that accumulates in the brain, forming clumps or plaques between nerve cells.

Question 15

Acetylcholine- choice Which neurotransmitter is thought to be involved in the memory loss of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is involved in cognitive functions including learning and memory. In Alzheimer's disease, there is a loss of acetylcholine-producing neurons in the brain, which contributes to the cognitive decline and memory loss observed in this condition.

Question 16

Secretases- stem The enzymes that normally trim the amyloid precursor protein (APP)to make it flush with the neuron's outer membrane are the:

Accepted Answer

The enzymes that trim the amyloid precursor protein to make it flush with the neuron's outer membrane are secretases. Elastases are enzymes that digest elastin, caspases are enzymes involved in programmed cell death, and apoptoses is not a term for enzymes.

Question 17

Multi-infarct dementia- stem S08-Fin#14/IM-5e
The condition known as multi-infarct dementia causes cognitive changes as a result of:

Accepted Answer

Multi-infarct dementia is caused by a series of small strokes which can damage brain cells and lead to cognitive impairment. Traumatic brain injury, chronic substance abuse, and sensory deprivation are not direct causes of multi-infarct dementia.

Question 18

Alzheimer's vs.vascular dementia Unlike memory loss caused by Alzheimer's disease,the symptoms of vascular dementia may be:

Accepted Answer

While both Alzheimer's and vascular dementia can be progressive and fatal, the difference is that the symptoms of vascular dementia may be treatable because they are caused by blockages in the brain's blood supply. By addressing the underlying cardiovascular issues, some symptoms of vascular dementia may be improved or slowed.

Question 19

Risks of biphosphonates One of the risks of osteoporosis medication (bisphosphonates)is the potential for the individual to develop:

Accepted Answer

One of the known risks associated with bisphosphonates is osteonecrosis of the jaw, a condition where the jaw bone is exposed and eventually dies, leading to pain and infection. This risk is rare, but higher in individuals who have undergone dental procedures while taking the medication. The other choices (B, C, and D) are not associated with bisphosphonate use.

Question 20

APP gene Researchers believe that the APP gene contributes to Alzheimer's disease by causing faulty:

Accepted Answer

The APP gene is responsible for producing a protein called amyloid precursor protein (APP). Faulty snipping of amyloid proteins can lead to the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques, which are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease.

Quiz 5: Health and Prevention