Question 1

In Pavlov's research with dogs, salivation to the meat was ______.

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment was the dog's natural, reflexive salivation in response to the presentation of meat, which is an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 2

In the "Little Albert" study, the clanging noise was ______.

Accepted Answer

The clanging noise was the unconditioned stimulus in the "Little Albert" study, as it naturally elicited a fear response without prior conditioning.

Question 3

In the "Little Albert" study, the rat was ______.

Accepted Answer

The rat was initially a neutral stimulus that did not elicit a response from Little Albert. However, through classical conditioning, the rat became a conditioned stimulus that elicited a fear response from Little Albert. The unconditioned stimulus was the loud noise, the unconditioned response was Little Albert's initial fear reaction, and the conditioned response was Little Albert's fear response to the rat.

Question 4

The scientist famous for his research in the conditioning of dogs was ______.

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is famous for his research in classical conditioning, specifically his experiments with dogs where he conditioned them to salivate at the sound of a bell by repeatedly pairing the sound with the presentation of food. B.F. Skinner, John B. Watson, and Albert Bandura are all important figures in the history of psychology, but their research focused on different areas. Skinner is known for his work on operant conditioning, Watson for his founding of behaviorism, and Bandura for his contributions to social learning theory.

Question 5

In Pavlov's research with dogs, the meat was ______.

Accepted Answer

In Pavlov's research, the meat served as the unconditioned stimulus because it naturally (without any prior conditioning) elicited a salivation response from the dogs.

Question 6

A stimulus that elicits a response from an organism without learning is ______.

Accepted Answer

An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that elicits a response from an organism without the need for prior learning or conditioning. This is in contrast to a conditioned stimulus, which only elicits a response after being associated with a prior unconditioned stimulus through conditioning. Primary and secondary stimuli are not commonly used terms in classical conditioning.

Question 7

A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already brought forth that response is ______.

Accepted Answer

A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already brought forth that response is a conditioned stimulus.

Question 8

In the "Little Albert" study, an 11-month-old boy was taught to fear a rat through the use of ______.

Accepted Answer

In the "Little Albert" study, a form of classical conditioning called fear conditioning was used to teach the 11-month-old boy to fear a rat. Through repeated pairings of the rat with a loud, startling noise, the boy eventually began to show fear and avoidance towards the rat alone.

Question 9

An unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus is ______.

Accepted Answer

An unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus is called an unconditioned response, as it occurs naturally without any prior conditioning or learning.

Question 10

According to behavioral theory, the pairing of the color red with the concept of "stop" or "danger" to the point that we automatically stop or prepare for danger when we see the color red is an example of ______.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is the process of associating a conditioned stimulus (such as the color red) with an unconditioned stimulus (such as danger) to elicit a conditioned response (such as preparing for danger). In this case, the color red has become a conditioned stimulus that automatically triggers a response due to its past pairing with danger.

Question 11

______ is a form of learning by association.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and triggers a reflexive response. This form of learning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov while studying digestion in dogs, where he noticed that the dogs began to associate the sound of the bell with their food, leading to a drooling response even when the food was not present.

Question 12

In Pavlov's research with dogs, the tone was ______.

Accepted Answer

In Pavlov's research with dogs, the tone was originally a neutral stimulus that did not elicit any response from the dogs. However, through pairing the tone with the presentation of food (which naturally caused salivation in the dogs), the tone became a conditioned stimulus that eventually caused salivation on its own. Therefore, the tone became the conditioned stimulus.

Question 13

A simple unlearned behavior that occurs in response to a specific stimulus is a ______.

Accepted Answer

A reflex is an automatic response to a specific stimulus. It is not learned, but rather is a built-in response in the nervous system.

Question 14

In Pavlov's research with dogs, salivation to the tone was ______.

Accepted Answer

In Pavlov's experiments, the salivation to the tone was the conditioned response. This is because the dogs learned to associate the tone (a previously neutral stimulus) with food (the unconditioned stimulus), leading to salivation (the conditioned response) when the tone was heard.

Question 15

A learned response to a conditioned stimulus is ______.

Accepted Answer

A learned response to a conditioned stimulus is called a conditioned response.

Question 16

Ivan Pavlov's original research was on ______.

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov's original research was on the salivation reflex in dogs. He discovered classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs and their response to stimuli, such as the sound of a bell.

Question 17

In the "Little Albert" study, fear of the rat was ______.

Accepted Answer

In the "Little Albert" study, fear of the rat was the conditioned response. Initially, the rat was a neutral stimulus that did not elicit fear (unconditioned response) in Albert. However, when a loud noise (unconditioned stimulus) was repeatedly paired with the presentation of the rat, Albert developed a fear of the rat even in the absence of the loud noise. This fear of the rat was now a conditioned response.

Question 18

Classical conditioning was discovered by ______.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning was discovered accidentally by Ivan Pavlov while conducting research on digestion in dogs. He noticed that the dogs began to salivate at the sound of a bell that was consistently paired with the presentation of food.

Question 19

Learning that occurs through repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus to a response eliciting stimulus is called ______.

Accepted Answer

The description matches the process of classical conditioning, in which a neutral stimulus (such as a bell) is paired with a response eliciting stimulus (such as food) to eventually elicit the response on its own. Vicarious learning involves learning through observation, self-actualization is a term from humanistic psychology, and operant conditioning involves learning through consequences (reinforcement or punishment) of behavior.

Question 20

According to learning theory, a change in the environment that leads directly to a change in behavior is called ______.

Accepted Answer

According to learning theory, a change in the environment that leads directly to a change in behavior is called a stimulus. A primary reinforcer is a stimulus that is naturally rewarding, while a secondary reinforcer is a stimulus that has become rewarding through association with a primary reinforcer. An expectancy refers to the belief or prediction about the outcome of a behavior.

Quiz 2: Personality: What It Is, How Its Measured