Question 1

Varsity basketball players can recall the positions of the players after a 4-second glance at a basketball play.This ability is best explained in terms of

Accepted Answer

The ability to recall the positions of players after a 4-second glance suggests that the players are using chunking, which is the process of grouping information together in meaningful units to help with memory retrieval. The team's familiarity with the play likely contributes to their ability to chunk the information efficiently. The other options (spacing effect, self-reference effect, implicit memory) do not fully account for the observed skill of the basketball players.

Question 2

George Miller proposed that about seven information bits constitutes the capacity of ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

George Miller's proposal about the capacity of memory specifically refers to short-term memory, also known as working memory.

Question 3

An iconic memory is a ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Iconic memory is a type of sensory memory that briefly holds visual information in the form of an image. It lasts for about 250 milliseconds and allows the brain to process and interpret visual information quickly. Short-term memory is a different type of memory that allows for the temporary storage and manipulation of information over brief periods of time. Working memory is a more complex form of short-term memory that involves not only the storage of information but also the manipulation and use of that information. Procedural memory, on the other hand, is a type of long-term memory that involves the learning and retention of skills and habits.

Question 4

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is called ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Iconic memory refers to the visual sensory memory, which lasts for only a fraction of a second. A) Echoic memory refers to auditory sensory memory. B) Short-term memory refers to the temporary storage of information for a few seconds to a minute. D) Implicit memory refers to non-conscious memories that are not easily verbalized.

Question 5

Chunking refers to

Accepted Answer

Chunking is the process of organizing information into meaningful units, such as grouping numbers into small sequences to make them easier to remember. This process helps to increase our ability to recall information by reducing the amount of information we need to remember at one time.

Question 6

Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inn by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY.She is using a memory aid known as

Accepted Answer

Sherry is using a mnemonic technique called chunking, where she groups the numbers into easy-to-remember chunks (1-800 and HOLIDAY) to aid memorization.

Question 7

For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark,Mr.Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp.His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Echoic memory is a type of sensory memory that is responsible for briefly storing auditory information in its raw form. It allows individuals to retain auditory information for a short period of time after hearing it. Therefore, Mr. Silvers' vivid auditory impression of his dog's yelp is an example of echoic memory.

Question 8

The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen,but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address.To his surprise,however,he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code.His experience best illustrates ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Iconic memory refers to the brief, visual memory of an image, which is what Sergei experienced when he retained a mental image of the zip code.

Question 9

When Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only one-twentieth of a second,research participants

Accepted Answer

Sperling's experiment demonstrated the existence of iconic memory, a brief photographic memory that lasts for about 1/3 of a second. Participants were able to recall all nine letters momentarily before the memory faded. Therefore, choice C is correct. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not reflect the findings of the experiment.

Question 10

Echoic memory refers to

Accepted Answer

Echoic memory is a type of sensory memory that refers specifically to the brief retention of auditory information in the sensory memory system. It allows us to briefly remember and recall what was just heard, even after the sound has actually ended.

Question 11

Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as

Accepted Answer

Peterson and Peterson's research found that unrehearsed short-term memories for three consonants decayed almost completely in 12 seconds.

Question 12

Information about where,when,and how often you ate a meal in the last couple of days is likely to be

Accepted Answer

Information about daily routines, such as meal times and locations, is typically stored as part of automatic processing. This type of processing occurs without conscious effort and is often encoded into long-term memory without being actively rehearsed or repeated.

Question 13

To retain a newly introduced nonsense syllable in our working memory,it is most clearly necessary to engage in

Accepted Answer

Rehearsal is the mental process of repeating information to oneself over and over again in order to keep it in working memory. This is the most effective technique for retaining newly introduced information in working memory. Chunking involves grouping information into meaningful units, which may be helpful for long-term memory but not necessarily for working memory. Shallow processing involves processing information at a superficial level, which is not helpful for retaining information in working memory. Automatic processing refers to unconscious processing of information, such as recognizing a familiar face or hearing your name called, but is not an intentional technique for retaining information in working memory.

Question 14

The ability to unconsciously process how many times you checked your e-mail during the past 24 hours best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Unconsciously processing the number of times you checked your email is an example of automatic processing, which is the ability to process information without conscious awareness or effort. Working memory involves actively processing and manipulating information in the short-term, while iconic memory refers to the brief sensory memory of visual stimuli. Distributed practice involves spacing out learning over a longer period of time rather than cramming information in all at once.

Question 15

You are most likely to automatically encode information about

Accepted Answer

The sequence of your day's events is more likely to be automatically encoded because it happens in your immediate environment and is personally relevant to you. Politicians' names may not be relevant or important to you, and new web addresses may not be something you encounter frequently or find personally relevant. While friends' birthdays are personally relevant, they may not always be encoded automatically as they may not be a part of your immediate environment or daily routine.

Question 16

Imagine seeing a letter of the alphabet,then a simple question,then another letter,followed by another question,and so on.People who can consciously process and recall the most letters,despite such interruptions,are demonstrating effective

Accepted Answer

The ability to process and recall information while actively manipulating it defines working memory. In this scenario, the individual is constantly being interrupted and having to shift their attention between letters and questions, which requires effective working memory skills. The other options, echoic memory, procedural memory, and implicit memory, do not accurately describe the type of memory needed for this task.

Question 17

After being asked to remember three consonants,participants in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent

Accepted Answer

Counting backward by threes is a way of preventing rehearsal, which is the process of repeating information to help encode it into long-term memory. By preventing rehearsal, the researchers were able to test the participants' ability to remember the consonants without the confounding influence of rehearsal.

Question 18

Some of the information in our ________ memory is encoded into ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Iconic memory is a type of sensory memory that briefly holds visual information. Some of this information can be encoded into short-term memory, where it can be consciously worked with.

Question 19

The ability to retain more information after sleep and to be creative problem solvers has been found to be most closely associated with a large ________ memory capacity.

Accepted Answer

The ability to retain information after sleep and to be creative problem solvers are both aspects of working memory capacity. Iconic memory refers to visual sensory memory, echoic memory refers to auditory sensory memory, and implicit memory refers to non-declarative memories that are not consciously recalled.

Question 20

The effortful processing of information

Accepted Answer

Effortful processing can become automatic through practice, meaning that an action or thought that initially required effort and attention can become easy and automatic with repetition and practice.

Answer: B
 Effortful processing refers to the process of getting information out of memory storage, which requires conscious effort and attention to be able to recall specific information.

Quiz 9: Memory