Question 1

Barnes, Ickes, and Kidd 1979) studied whether or not students would lend their notes to a classmate by varying the intentionality of the needy student unintentional vs attentional) and the stability of their request always vs sometimes). Participants received one request from one needy student. What was the design of the experiment?

Accepted Answer

The experiment used a between-subjects factorial design, as there were two independent variables (intentionality and stability of request) that each had two levels (unintentional vs attentional and always vs sometimes, respectively), resulting in four conditions (unintentional/always, unintentional/sometimes, attentional/always, attentional/sometimes). Each participant only received one request from one needy student, so there was no within-subjects manipulation.

Question 2

Graph the interaction of factor B, visual and audio presentation via video) versus audio only presentation of course content, and Factor A, sex, from the following cell means on a standardized mid-term examination. Does there appear to be an interaction? Discuss your conclusions. Presentation Method ------------------------------------------- Gender B₁V&A) B₂AD) ---------------------------------------------------------- A₁ Boys ) 47 46 A₂ Girls) 50 49 ----------------------------------------------------------

Accepted Answer

The answer of Graph the interaction of factor B, visual...

Question 3

In a two-by-two mixed factorial design,

Accepted Answer

In a two-by-two mixed factorial design, each subject experiences only one level of one independent variable (the between-subjects factor) and all levels of the other independent variable (the within-subjects factor). This allows researchers to examine the effects of both independent variables on the dependent variable, as well as any interaction between the two.

Question 4

The integration of oral burn spicy vs bland) and smell fish vs orange) was investigated in college freshmen. Each student tasted each combination of smell and burn. Then, they were given a preference test. The design of this experiment is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The integration of oral burn spicy vs...

Question 5

What is the advantage of a factorial design over a single-factor design?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the advantage of a factorial...

Question 6

How many conditions are in a 3 x 3 factorial experiment?

Accepted Answer

In a 3 x 3 factorial experiment, there are 2 factors each with 3 levels. Therefore, the total number of conditions (or treatment combinations) is calculated as 3 x 3 = 9. So, the correct answer is C, which represents 9 conditions.

Question 7

Factorial designs can be conducted

Accepted Answer

Factorial designs can be conducted as between-subject designs, within-subject designs, or mixed designs that have a combination of both. Therefore, all of these choices are correct.

Question 8

In a single experiment, amount of reward and type of reward are simultaneously varied. Subjects are randomly assigned to one of three amount-of-reward conditions. Each subject is tested once with one type of reward and once with a second type of reward. What type of design does this study represent?

Accepted Answer

This study represents a mixed factorial design because it has both within-subjects and between-subjects factors. The amount-of-reward is a between-subjects factor as subjects are randomly assigned to one of three conditions, while the type of reward is a within-subjects factor as each subject is tested with two types of rewards.

Question 9

In a certain study, black and white teachers from a large inner city school were asked to rate the same black and white students for "adaptive behavior" on a behavior rating scale. The two factors in the experiment, then, were teacher ethnicity and pupil ethnicity. On average, white teachers rated black pupils 32, and white pupils 50. On average, black teachers rated black pupils 47, and white pupils 30. Both null hypotheses for the main effects were tenable, but there was significant interaction between the teacher ethnicity and pupil ethnicity factors. Graph the means and discuss the nature of the interaction and your conclusions. What type of interaction is present?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a certain study, black and white...

Question 10

A factorial design that has at least one within-subject variable and one between-group variable is called a:

Accepted Answer

This is a mixed design because it has both a within-subject variable and a between-group variable. A quasi-experimental design lacks random assignment to groups, a single subject design only has one participant, and an interrupted time series design has multiple measurements taken over time but does not necessarily have both within-subject and between-group variables.

Question 11

The integration of taste sweet vs salty) and smell fish vs orange) was investigated in cats. Each cat received one taste-smell combination and was then given a preference test. The design of this experiment is:

Accepted Answer

The design is between subjects because each cat received only one taste-smell combination, meaning different groups of cats were exposed to different conditions, rather than the same subjects being exposed to all conditions.

Question 12

Single-factor experiments cannot use a _______________ design

Accepted Answer

Single-factor experiments, which focus on the effect of one independent variable, cannot use a mixed-model design because mixed-model designs involve both between-subjects and within-subjects factors, requiring the manipulation or observation of more than one independent variable.

Question 13

If a factorial design is conducted in which each subject experiences each condition at least once, then it is a

Accepted Answer

A factorial design in which each subject experiences each condition at least once is a within-subjects design. In this design, each subject is exposed to all levels of each independent variable, allowing for better control of individual differences and increasing the power of the study to detect effects.

Question 14

The minimum number of subjects required to obtain 8 responses in each of four conditions in a within-subjects experiment is

Accepted Answer

In a within-subjects design, each subject participates in all conditions. To obtain 8 responses per condition, you need 8 subjects, as each subject provides one response per condition.

Question 15

An advertiser is interested in the effects of color and size of containers on people's tendency to buy a certain brand of cereal. He prepares containers consisting of all combinations of all 4 colors with all 3 sizes and asks each of a group of subjects to rate each of the containers for how likely they would be to buy it on a 1-9 Likert scale.
a. What is the dependent variable?
b. What type of design does this study represent? Be sure to give its full name.
c. How many conditions would be possible?
d. How many main effects would be possible?
e. Are interactions possible?

Accepted Answer

The answer of An advertiser is interested in the effects...

Question 16

Strayer, Drews, and Johnston 2003) had participants in a study follow a pace car in front of them in a driving simulator. Half of the participants found themselves driving in heavy stop-and-go traffic in the simulator, while the other half were in the same situation in lighter traffic. Strayer and his colleagues measured how quickly each participant was able to apply the brakes when the car in front of them stopped under two different conditions that formed the within-subjects variable: When they were involved in a cell phone conversation on an interesting topic and when they were not on the telephone. The design of this experiment was

Accepted Answer

The experiment has a within-subjects variable (cell phone conversation: on vs. off) and a between-subjects variable (traffic condition: heavy vs. light), making it a mixed factorial design.

Question 17

Bower, Gilligan, and Monterio 1981) hypothesized that people would notice and remember events in stories that were consistent with their mood. Participants were put into either a happy or a sad mood. All participants then read two stories, one of which was happy and one of which was sad. What was the design of the experiment?

Accepted Answer

This experiment is a mixed factorial design because it involves both within-subjects and between-subjects variables. The mood of the participants (happy or sad) is a between-subjects variable, as different participants are assigned to each mood condition. The type of story read (happy or sad) is a within-subjects variable, as all participants read both types of stories.

Quiz 11: True Experiments, Part 2 Factorial Designs