Question 1

A 9-year-old male contracted influenza. Which of the following complications is of greatest concern?

Accepted Answer

B

Question 2

An 11-year-old female presents with a low-grade fever and cough. She is diagnosed with atypical pneumonia. This condition is also known as:

Accepted Answer

Atypical pneumonia is caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in children and young adults. Pneumococcal pneumonia is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, viral pneumonia is caused by various viruses, and streptococcal pneumonia is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. None of these match the presentation of atypical pneumonia.

Question 3

A newborn has respiratory distress syndrome. This condition appeared:

Accepted Answer

Respiratory distress syndrome typically appears within minutes of birth, as it is caused by a lack of surfactant in the premature newborn's lungs. Surfactant is typically produced towards the end of pregnancy, and therefore premature babies often do not have sufficient levels to keep their air sacs from collapsing.

Question 4

In asthma, _____ is (are) reduced.

Accepted Answer

In asthma, expiratory flow rates are reduced due to airway obstruction and inflammation, making it difficult to expel air from the lungs efficiently.

Question 5

A 13-year-old female is diagnosed with asthma. Which of the following should she recognize as part of an asthmatic attack?

Accepted Answer

Wheezing is a typical symptom of asthma and is caused by the narrowing of the airways, resulting in difficulty breathing. Headache and chest pain are not common symptoms of asthma, and bradycardia (slow heart rate) is not typically associated with asthma attacks.

Question 6

A newborn has respiratory distress syndrome. Which of the following is the most important predisposing factor for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Premature birth is the most important predisposing factor for respiratory distress syndrome in newborns. This is because the lungs of premature infants may not be fully developed, particularly the alveoli, which are responsible for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. As a result, premature infants may not have enough surfactant, a substance that helps keep the alveoli open and prevents them from collapsing, leading to respiratory distress syndrome. Low birth weight, alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy, and smoking by the mother during pregnancy can also increase the risk of preterm birth and thus increase the risk of respiratory distress syndrome, but they are not the most important predisposing factor.

Question 7

A 5-year-old male presents with high fever, inspiratory stridor, severe respiratory distress, drooling, and dysphagia. Which of the following is most important in diagnosing this disease?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A 5-year-old male presents with high fever,...

Question 8

A 14-year-old male is experiencing an asthma exacerbation. Which of the following cells in the submucosa promote this inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in the inflammatory response associated with asthma. During an exacerbation, eosinophils are recruited to the airway submucosa and release various cytokines and other molecules that contribute to bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion, and airway wall remodeling. Neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes may also be present in the submucosa during an asthma exacerbation, but eosinophils are particularly important in promoting the allergic and inflammatory response.

Question 9

A 2-week-old female presents with fever, cough, respiratory distress, and empyema. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Staphylococcal pneumonia is known to cause severe respiratory distress and complications like empyema in young infants.

Question 10

A newborn has respiratory distress syndrome. He develops atelectasis because of:

Accepted Answer

Respiratory distress syndrome in newborns is caused by deficient or immature surfactant production. Surfactant is essential for maintaining the stability of alveoli and preventing their collapse, leading to atelectasis.

Question 11

A 6-month-old female presents with rhinorrhea, cough, poor feeding, lethargy, and fever. She is diagnosed with bronchiolitis. Which of the following is most likely causing her condition?

Accepted Answer

Bronchiolitis is most commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in infants and young children. Parainfluenza virus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus are not typically associated with bronchiolitis.

Question 12

Cardiovascular alterations seen in respiratory distress syndrome include:

Accepted Answer

In respiratory distress syndrome, hypoxia and increased pulmonary vascular resistance can lead to the reopening of fetal shunt pathways, such as the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale, to bypass the non-functioning lungs.

Question 13

A 2-year-old male presents with fever and cough. He is diagnosed with pneumonia. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

In young children, viral infections are the most common cause of pneumonia, with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) being a frequent culprit.

Question 14

During a respiratory assessment of an infant with respiratory distress syndrome, a sinking in the supraclavicular and intercostal areas of the thorax was noted with inspiration. This observation is called:

Accepted Answer

Supraclavicular and intercostal retractions are a sign of increased work of breathing and difficulty moving air into the lungs. This can be seen in infants with respiratory distress syndrome who require extra effort to breathe due to underdeveloped lungs. Grunting is a sound made by the infant during exhalation to try and increase the pressure in the lungs, tachypnea is rapid breathing, and nasal flaring can indicate nasal congestion or increased effort to breathe. However, these choices do not accurately describe the sinking in the supraclavicular and intercostal areas seen in this infant.

Question 15

A 1-year-old female is diagnosed with croup. The most likely cause of this disease is:

Accepted Answer

Croup is most commonly caused by a viral infection, with parainfluenza virus being the most common culprit. Bacteria and allergy are not typical causes of croup. Acute hyperventilation may occur as a result of croup, but is not the underlying cause of the disease.

Question 16

A 10-year-old male was diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. Which of the following treatments would most likely be tried first?

Accepted Answer

Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy are commonly used as a first-line treatment for obstructive sleep apnea in children. This is because enlarged tonsils and adenoids are a common cause of the condition in children. Weight loss may also be beneficial if the child is overweight, but it is not always a feasible option for children. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and drug therapy may be used if surgery and weight loss are not effective.

Question 17

Respiratory distress and hypoxemia in laryngotracheobronchitis are caused by:

Accepted Answer

Respiratory distress and hypoxemia in laryngotracheobronchitis are caused by mucosal edema and laryngeal secretions, which can obstruct the airway and impair gas exchange. Infectious pulmonary edema and decreased surfactant are not typical causes of this condition. While nasopharyngeal obstruction can contribute to the development of laryngotracheobronchitis, it is not the primary cause of respiratory distress and hypoxemia.

Question 18

Bronchiolitis mainly occurs in children under the age of:

Accepted Answer

Bronchiolitis mainly occurs in children under the age of 1 year. Infants under 6 months are at the highest risk for severe disease requiring hospitalization.

Question 19

An infant was born 10 weeks premature and put on mechanical ventilation. Two months later he presents with hypoxemia and hypercapnia. Which of the following is most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

The infant was born prematurely and needed mechanical ventilation, both of which are risk factors for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease that can develop in premature infants who have been on mechanical ventilation. The symptoms of hypoxemia and hypercapnia are consistent with BPD. Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn typically occurs shortly after birth in premature infants, and pneumonia and bronchiolitis would present with different symptoms.

Question 20

A 1-year-old female is diagnosed with croup. Which of the following symptoms is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Croup typically presents with respiratory stridor and barking cough, especially in young children. Hemoptysis and mucus production are not typically present in croup, and while a fever may be present, it is not typically high. Drooling and snoring are more commonly associated with other conditions, such as epiglottitis.

Quiz 27: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children