Question 1

The end product of the clotting system is:

Accepted Answer

The final product of the clotting system is fibrin, which forms a mesh network that traps red blood cells and platelets to form a blood clot. Plasmin is an enzyme responsible for breaking down clots, collagen is a structural protein in connective tissues, and factor X is a component of the clotting cascade but is not the end product.

Question 2

A 20-year-old male shoots his hand with a nail gun while replacing roofing shingles. Which of the following cell types would be the first to aid in killing bacteria to prevent infection in his hand?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils are the first responders to fight bacterial infections through phagocytosis, releasing antimicrobial peptides, and other mechanisms. Eosinophils are mainly responsible for parasitic infections and allergic responses. Leukotrienes are mediators of inflammation and immune responses. Monocytes differentiate into macrophages and help with phagocytosis, but they are not the first cells to respond to bacterial infections.

Question 3

If a person has innate resistance to a disease, the person has _____ immunity.

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity is also known as natural immunity, which is the immunity that is naturally present in an individual and provides initial protection against diseases.

Question 4

A child fell off the swing and scraped her knee. The injured area becomes red and painful. Which of the following would also occur?

Accepted Answer

Edema at the injured site is likely to occur due to an increase in fluid accumulation in the area, which causes swelling. Vasoconstriction (A) would result in reduced blood flow to the area and exacerbate the injury. Decreased RBC concentration (B) is not likely, as red blood cells do not typically migrate from the site of injury. Fluid movement from tissue to vessels (C) is also not likely, as the injury has caused fluids to accumulate and lead to swelling.

Question 5

A 25-year-old female presents to her physician complaining of vaginal discharge of a white, viscous, and foul-smelling substance. She reports that she has been taking antibiotics for the past 6 months. Which of the following is the most likely reason for her discharge?

Accepted Answer

The description of the white, viscous, foul-smelling discharge is consistent with a possible bacterial vaginosis. Antibiotic use can disrupt the normal vaginal flora, including reducing the levels of the beneficial Lactobacillus bacteria, which can increase the risk of bacterial vaginosis. Option A is incorrect because Clostridium difficile overgrowth is associated with antibiotic use but presents with diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. Option C is incorrect because streptococcal infections typically present with symptoms such as fever, sore throat, and pain, and are not typically associated with vaginal discharge. Option D is incorrect because Candida albicans is a type of yeast that can cause a vaginal yeast infection, but this typically presents with a thick, white, chunky discharge, itching, and redness rather than the described foul-smelling discharge.

Question 6

A 25-year-old female experiences a headache and takes aspirin for relief. Which of the following effects will relieve the headache?

Accepted Answer

Aspirin works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are responsible for causing pain and inflammation in the body. Therefore, by reducing prostaglandin production, aspirin can relieve the headache. Choices A, B, and D would not have a therapeutic effect on headache relief.

Question 7

Bradykinin is involved in:

Accepted Answer

Bradykinin is a peptide that is involved in increasing vascular permeability by causing dilation of blood vessels and increasing the leakage of fluid and proteins from the blood into the tissues. This leads to swelling and inflammation in the affected area. Bradykinin is not involved in vasoconstriction, stimulating the clotting system, or increasing degradation of prostaglandins.

Question 8

A 25-year-old male is in a car accident and sustains a fracture to his left femur with extensive soft tissue injury. The pain associated with the injury is related to:

Accepted Answer

Kinins and prostaglandins are released during tissue injury and are responsible for pain, inflammation, and vasodilation. Histamine and serotonin are also involved in the inflammatory response but are not specifically related to pain in this case. Vasoconstriction and immune complex formation are not directly related to the pain associated with this injury.

Question 9

A 13-year-old female fell on her knee while skating. The area became inflamed and sore to touch. Which of the following would result from activation of the plasma system secondary to her injury?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A 13-year-old female fell on her knee...

Question 10

Leukotrienes differ from histamine in which of the following ways?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Leukotrienes differ from histamine in which of...

Question 11

The classic pathway of the complement system is activated by:

Accepted Answer

The classic pathway of the complement system is activated by antigen-antibody complexes.

Question 12

The complement system, clotting system, and kinin system share which of the following characteristics?

Accepted Answer

All three systems are activated by a series of proenzymes.

Question 13

What is a purpose of the inflammatory process?

Accepted Answer

The purpose of the inflammatory process is to prevent infection of the injured tissue by triggering a cascade of responses that promote increased blood flow, permeability of blood vessels, and recruitment of immune cells to the site of injury. This response helps to isolate and destroy microorganisms that may have entered the tissue, preventing further spread of infection. While the inflammatory process can contribute to the development of immunity over time, its primary purpose is to protect the body from immediate harm.

Question 14

The primary actions of the complement cascade include:

Accepted Answer

The primary actions of the complement cascade include increased vascular permeability and vasodilation (which promote the recruitment of immune cells), chemotaxis (to direct immune cells to the site of infection/inflammation), opsonization (to enhance phagocytosis of pathogens by immune cells), and cell killing (by forming membrane attack complexes that cause lysis of pathogens).

Question 15

Active acquired immunity is gained:

Accepted Answer

Active acquired immunity is gained after birth, when the immune system is exposed to antigens through natural infection or vaccination. In utero, the fetus is protected by maternal antibodies, which provide passive immunity for the first months of life. The injection of specific antibodies provides passive immunity, but does not stimulate the production of long-lasting memory cells that are characteristic of active acquired immunity. While immunity can change and decline with age, it is typically established after exposure to antigens in childhood and adolescence.

Question 16

The predominant phagocyte of early inflammation is the:

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils are the first and most abundant phagocytes to arrive at the site of inflammation, where they engulf and destroy invading microorganisms.

Question 17

The directional movement of cells along a chemical gradient is termed:

Accepted Answer

The directional movement of cells along a chemical gradient is termed chemotaxis.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of biochemical secretions that trap and kill microorganisms?

Accepted Answer

Earwax is a biochemical secretion that traps and helps kill microorganisms, protecting the ear canal from infections.

Question 19

A 20-year-old male received a knife wound to the arm during an altercation. Which of the following types of immunity was compromised?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A 20-year-old male received a knife wound...

Question 20

The mast cell, a major activator of inflammation, initiates the inflammatory response through the process of:

Accepted Answer

The mast cell initiates the inflammatory response through a process called degranulation, which involves the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from the granules within the mast cell. This triggers the recruitment of other inflammatory cells and the dilation of blood vessels, leading to the characteristic signs of inflammation such as redness, swelling, and warmth. Cytokinesis is the process of cell division, endocytosis is the uptake of material into a cell, and hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells, none of which are directly involved in initiating inflammation.

Quiz 5: Innate Defenses: Inflammation