Question 1

Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, and SIADH share which of the following clinical manifestations?
A) Polyuria
B) Edema
C) Vomiting and abdominal cramping
D) Thirst

Accepted Answer

All three conditions can present with thirst. Diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus cause dehydration due to fluid loss, leading to increased thirst. SIADH, despite causing fluid retention, can also lead to thirst due to the body's attempt to correct perceived imbalances.

Question 2

A 3-year-old male was diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism. If left untreated, the child would have:
A) mental retardation and stunted growth.
B) increased risk of childhood thyroid cancer.
C) hyperactivity and attention deficit disorder.
D) liver, kidney, and pancreas failure.

Accepted Answer

Congenital hypothyroidism can cause mental retardation and stunted growth if left untreated because thyroid hormone is essential for brain development and growth hormone regulation. Without proper treatment, the child's physical and intellectual development would be severely affected.

Question 3

Common neurologic disturbances seen with pituitary adenomas are:
A) comas.
B) visual disturbances.
C) confusional states.
D) breathing abnormalities.

Accepted Answer

Pituitary adenomas can compress the optic nerve or optic chiasm, leading to visual disturbances such as decreased visual acuity, visual field deficits, or diplopia. Comas, confusional states, and breathing abnormalities are less commonly associated with pituitary adenomas.

Question 4

A severe consequence of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) is:
A) stroke.
B) diabetes insipidus.
C) neurologic damage.
D) renal failure.

Accepted Answer

SIADH causes hyponatremia, which can lead to neurologic damage such as seizures, coma, and brain herniation.

Question 5

A 25-year-old female with Graves disease is admitted to a medical-surgical unit. Palpation of her neck would most likely reveal:
A) a normal-sized thyroid.
B) a small discrete thyroid nodule.
C) multiple discrete thyroid nodules.
D) diffuse thyroid enlargement.

Accepted Answer

Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that results in hyperthyroidism and diffuse thyroid enlargement. Therefore, palpation of the neck would most likely reveal diffuse thyroid enlargement in this patient.

Question 6

The most common cause of elevated levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is:
A) autoimmune disease.
B) cancer.
C) pregnancy.
D) heart failure.

Accepted Answer

Certain cancers, particularly small cell lung cancer, can produce ectopic ADH, leading to elevated levels of the hormone.

Question 7

The basal metabolic rate is unusually _____ with hypothyroidism.
A) high
B) low
C) steady
D) variable

Accepted Answer

Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism, including the rate at which the body burns calories to produce energy. When there is a deficiency of thyroid hormones, the body's basal metabolic rate decreases, resulting in a reduced rate of calorie burning and a tendency to gain weight. Therefore, the basal metabolic rate is unusually low with hypothyroidism.

Question 8

A 22-year-old male is admitted to the intensive care unit with a closed head injury sustained in a motorcycle accident. The injury has caused severe damage to the posterior pituitary. Which of the following complications should be anticipated?
A) Dilutional hyponatremia
B) Dehydration from polyuria
C) Cardiac arrest from hyperkalemia
D) Metabolic acidosis

Accepted Answer

Damage to the posterior pituitary can result in decreased or absent secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which can lead to diabetes insipidus. Polyuria and dehydration are common complications of diabetes insipidus. Dilutional hyponatremia may also occur due to excessive water intake, but dehydration is a more significant concern. Cardiac arrest from hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis are not direct complications of damage to the posterior pituitary.

Question 9

A 35-year-old female with Graves disease is admitted to a medical-surgical unit. Which of the following symptoms would be expected before treatment?
A) Weight gain, cold intolerance
B) Slow heart rate, rash
C) Skin hot and moist, rapid heart rate
D) Constipation, confusion

Accepted Answer

Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include an increased metabolic rate, resulting in weight loss and heat intolerance. Patients with Graves disease may have skin that is hot and moist due to increased sweating, and a rapid heart rate due to increased cardiac output. Option A is incorrect as weight gain and cold intolerance are symptoms of hypothyroidism. Option B is incorrect as slow heart rate is a symptom of hypothyroidism, not hyperthyroidism. Option D is incorrect as constipation and confusion are not typical symptoms of Graves disease.

Question 10

A 35-year-old female with Graves disease is admitted to a medical-surgical unit. Lab tests would most likely reveal:
A) high levels of circulating thyroid-stimulating antibodies.
B) ectopic secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
C) low circulating levels of thyroid hormones.
D) stimulation of thyroid-binding globulin.

Accepted Answer

Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that results in the production of thyroid-stimulating antibodies, which overstimulate the thyroid gland to produce excess thyroid hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism. Therefore, lab tests would most likely reveal high levels of circulating thyroid-stimulating antibodies.

Question 11

A 54-year-old patient with pulmonary tuberculosis (lung infection) is evaluated for syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH). Which of the following electrolyte imbalances would be expected in this patient?
A) Hyponatremia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Hypernatremia
D) Hypokalemia

Accepted Answer

Patients with SIADH have excessive secretion of ADH, leading to water retention and dilutional hyponatremia. Therefore, the expected electrolyte imbalance in a patient with SIADH would be hyponatremia. None of the other options are expected in this condition.

Question 12

A 25-year-old male presents with fatigue, constipation, and sexual dysfunction. Tests reveal all pituitary hormones are normal and no masses are appreciated. The most likely cause of his symptoms is a dysfunction in the:
A) anterior pituitary.
B) posterior pituitary.
C) pars intermedia.
D) hypothalamus.

Accepted Answer

Since all pituitary hormones are normal and no masses are found, the dysfunction is likely in the hypothalamus which controls hormonal regulation via the pituitary gland. The symptoms of fatigue, constipation, and sexual dysfunction suggest a possible deficiency in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function, which can lead to decreased levels of cortisol and testosterone.

Question 13

A 15-year-old female presents with breast discharge, dysmenorrhea, and excessive excitability. Tests reveal that all her pituitary hormones are elevated. The most likely cause is:
A) a pituitary adenoma.
B) hypothalamic hyposecretion.
C) hypothalamic inflammation.
D) a neurohypophyseal tumor.

Accepted Answer

The elevated levels of pituitary hormones suggest a pituitary adenoma, which is a common cause of hormonal dysregulation. The symptoms, including breast discharge and dysmenorrhea, are consistent with an excess of estrogen, which can be caused by a pituitary adenoma that secretes prolactin (a hormone that stimulates breast milk production) and/or follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (a hormone that stimulates estrogen production). Excessive excitability can also occur due to an excess of thyroid hormone or growth hormone, which may also be elevated in the case of a pituitary adenoma. Hypothalamic hyposecretion, hypothalamic inflammation, and a neurohypophyseal tumor are less likely causes of the symptoms and hormone elevation.

Question 14

A 22-year-old female has a low level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This condition would cause _____ hypothyroidism.
A) primary
B) secondary
C) autoimmune
D) atypical

Accepted Answer

A low level of TSH indicates a problem with the pituitary gland, which produces TSH to stimulate the thyroid gland. This is known as secondary hypothyroidism. Primary hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland itself is not functioning properly, and autoimmune hypothyroidism is a subtype of primary hypothyroidism caused by autoimmune damage to the thyroid gland. Atypical hypothyroidism is not a recognized subtype.

Question 15

A 50-year-old male patient presents with polyuria and extreme thirst. He was given exogenous ADH. For which of the following would this treatment be effective?
A) Neurogenic diabetes insipidus
B) Psychogenic diabetes insipidus
C) Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
D) SIADH

Accepted Answer

The patient's symptoms of polyuria and extreme thirst are indicative of diabetes insipidus (DI). When exogenous ADH is given, it can be effective in treating neurogenic DI, which is caused by a deficiency or lack of production of ADH in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland. Psychogenic DI is caused by excessive water intake and is not treated with exogenous ADH. Nephrogenic DI is caused by a failure of the kidneys to respond to ADH and is not typically treated with exogenous ADH. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is a condition in which the body produces too much ADH and results in water retention, rather than loss of water. Treatment for SIADH typically involves treating the underlying cause and restricting fluids.

Question 16

The level of T₃ in Graves disease is usually abnormally: A) low. B) high. C) variable. D) absent.

Accepted Answer

T₃, also known as thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins, are antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland in Graves disease. Therefore, in Graves disease, the level of T₃ is usually abnormally high.

Question 17

Visual disturbances are a common occurrence in patients with untreated Graves disease. The main cause of these complications is:
A) decreased blood flow to the eye.
B) orbital edema and extraocular muscle paralysis.
C) TSH neurotoxicity to retinal cells.
D) local lactic acidosis.

Accepted Answer

Orbital edema and extraocular muscle paralysis are the main causes of visual disturbances in patients with untreated Graves disease. This can lead to diplopia (double vision), blurred vision, and even vision loss in severe cases. Decreased blood flow to the eye, TSH neurotoxicity to retinal cells, and local lactic acidosis are not typically associated with visual disturbances in Graves disease.

Question 18

A side effect of some general anesthetic agents is _____ diabetes insipidus.
A) neurogenic
B) nephrogenic
C) psychogenic
D) allogenic

Accepted Answer

Some general anesthetic agents can cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, which is characterized by the kidneys' inability to respond to antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Question 19

General causes of abnormal target cell responses include:
A) abnormal receptor activity.
B) abnormal hormone levels.
C) increased synthesis of second messengers.
D) extracellular electrolyte alterations.

Accepted Answer

The answer of General causes of abnormal target cell responses...

Question 20

A 54-year-old patient with pulmonary tuberculosis (lung infection) is evaluated for syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH). Which of the following clinical manifestations would be expected in this patient?
A) Peripheral edema
B) Tachycardia
C) Low blood pressure
D) Concentrated urine

Accepted Answer

SIADH is a condition characterized by excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) resulting in retention of water and electrolytes, leading to hyponatremia (low sodium levels) and concentrated urine. Peripheral edema, tachycardia, and low blood pressure are not typically seen in SIADH.

Quiz 18: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, and SIADH share which of the following clinical manifestations?

A 3-year-old male was diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism. If left untreated, the child would have:

Common neurologic disturbances seen with pituitary adenomas are:

A severe consequence of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) is:

A 25-year-old female with Graves disease is admitted to a medical-surgical unit. Palpation of her neck would most likely reveal:

The most common cause of elevated levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is:

The basal metabolic rate is unusually _____ with hypothyroidism.

A 22-year-old male is admitted to the intensive care unit with a closed head injury sustained in a motorcycle accident. The injury has caused severe damage to the posterior pituitary. Which of the following complications should be anticipated?

A 35-year-old female with Graves disease is admitted to a medical-surgical unit. Which of the following symptoms would be expected before treatment?

A 35-year-old female with Graves disease is admitted to a medical-surgical unit. Lab tests would most likely reveal:

A 54-year-old patient with pulmonary tuberculosis (lung infection) is evaluated for syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) . Which of the following electrolyte imbalances would be expected in this patient?

A 25-year-old male presents with fatigue, constipation, and sexual dysfunction. Tests reveal all pituitary hormones are normal and no masses are appreciated. The most likely cause of his symptoms is a dysfunction in the:

A 15-year-old female presents with breast discharge, dysmenorrhea, and excessive excitability. Tests reveal that all her pituitary hormones are elevated. The most likely cause is:

A 22-year-old female has a low level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) . This condition would cause _____ hypothyroidism.

A 50-year-old male patient presents with polyuria and extreme thirst. He was given exogenous ADH. For which of the following would this treatment be effective?

The level of T₃ in Graves disease is usually abnormally:

Visual disturbances are a common occurrence in patients with untreated Graves disease. The main cause of these complications is:

A side effect of some general anesthetic agents is _____ diabetes insipidus.

General causes of abnormal target cell responses include:

A 54-year-old patient with pulmonary tuberculosis (lung infection) is evaluated for syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) . Which of the following clinical manifestations would be expected in this patient?