Question 1

Which psychological perspective views societal norms and group interactions as among some of the major causes of behaviour?

Accepted Answer

The sociocultural perspective recognizes the influence that societal norms and group interactions have on an individual's behavior. This perspective emphasizes the importance of cultural and social factors such as gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status in shaping behavior. It considers how cultural values, beliefs, and practices impact an individual's thoughts, feelings, and actions, and recognizes that behavior should be studied within its cultural and societal context.

Question 2

As an attempt to explain human nature,which psychological perspective views humans as free-thinking agents who seek personal meaning and self-actualization?

Accepted Answer

The humanistic perspective is characterized by a focus on individual experience, free will, and personal growth. This perspective views humans as active agents who strive to achieve their full potential and seek meaning in their lives. The humanistic perspective emphasizes the importance of self-actualization, or the realization of one's unique potential, as a fundamental motive in human behavior.

Question 3

All of the following are biological factors associated with depression EXCEPT which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Option D is not a biological factor, but rather a cognitive factor associated with depression. The other options, A, B and C, are all biological factors associated with depression.

Question 4

George was raised in a family where his sense of self was defined by the various groups of which he was a member,such as his community and his class at school.George understood that the goals of these groups were more important than any of the personal goals of people in these groups.The values emphasized by George's family are most consistent with:

Accepted Answer

Collectivism emphasizes the importance of the group over the individual and values the goals and success of the group as a whole rather than the goals of individual members within the group. In this scenario, George's sense of self is defined by the various groups he is a part of, highlighting the importance of the group in shaping his identity and priorities.

Question 5

As an attempt to explain human nature,which psychological perspective views humans as reactors to their environment?

Accepted Answer

The behavioural perspective views human behaviour as a reaction to external stimuli in the environment. It focuses on observable behaviours and how they are shaped by rewards, punishments, and conditioning.

Question 6

According to the text,in order to obtain a complete understanding of behaviour we need to:

Accepted Answer

The text suggests that in order to obtain a complete understanding of behavior, we need to move back and forth between different levels of analysis. Therefore, choice A is the best answer.

Question 7

Gabriella was raised in a family where individual achievement and accomplishment were stressed by both of her parents.She was constantly encouraged to set personal goals for herself and to strive to achieve them.The values emphasized by Sara's family are most consistent with:

Accepted Answer

The values emphasized by Gabriella's family, such as setting personal goals and striving for individual achievement, are consistent with individualism, which places high importance on individual achievement and success. Collectivism, on the other hand, prioritizes the group over the individual. Structuralism and functionalism are both schools of thought in psychology, but they are not directly related to this scenario.

Question 8

In psychology,both the psychodynamic and cognitive perspectives are considered to be operating at:

Accepted Answer

Both the psychodynamic and cognitive perspectives are focused on exploring mental processes and behavior, making them operating at the psychological level of analysis.

Question 9

Which psychological perspective views unconscious motives and early childhood experiences as among some of the major causes of behaviour?

Accepted Answer

The psychodynamic perspective, developed by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes the role of unconscious motives and early childhood experiences in shaping human behavior. Freud believed that behavior was influenced by inner conflicts and unconscious desires, which were often rooted in early childhood experiences.

Question 10

Sandra has a promising career,dates interesting men,and she is quite content to remain single and child-free.Her family strongly supports her choices and celebrates her success as a professional.Her sister,who was married briefly and then experienced an unpleasant divorce,is open about her disdain for long-term commitment.We can make an effort to understand Sandra's behaviour using different levels of analysis.In this case,the influence of Sandra's family on her decision to stay single and child-free fits with the ______ level of analysis.

Accepted Answer

The environmental level of analysis examines how the individual's social and cultural environment influences their behavior, attitudes, and beliefs. In this case, Sandra's family's support and celebration of her choices indicate that they have influenced her decision to remain single and child-free. The biological level of analysis focuses on the influence of genetics and physiology on behavior, while psychological and cognitive levels of analysis look at internal mental processes and cognitive factors that affect behavior.

Question 11

The sociocultural and behavioural perspectives are similar in that both emphasize:

Accepted Answer

Both the sociocultural and behavioural perspectives recognize the impact that the environment has on the development of behaviour. The sociocultural perspective emphasizes cultural and social influences, while the behavioural perspective focuses on how environmental factors shape learning and behaviour. Neither perspective places as much emphasis on internal mental factors or innate drives as options A and D suggest, and while biological factors may be considered, they are not central to either perspective.

Question 12

As an attempt to explain human nature,which psychological perspective views humans as interactive beings embedded in a group?

Accepted Answer

The sociocultural perspective emphasizes the influence of social and cultural factors on human behavior and views humans as interactive beings embedded in a group. This perspective recognizes that humans are shaped by their interactions with others and by the cultural norms and values of their society.

Question 13

Most industrialized cultures such as North America and Europe emphasize a different cultural orientation than cultures such as those in Asia,Africa,and South America.In Asia,Africa,and South America,the cultural orientation emphasis is on:

Accepted Answer

In many Asian, African, and South American cultures, collectivism is valued over individualism. This means that group harmony and cooperation is highly valued, and individuals are expected to prioritize the needs of the group over their own personal needs or desires. This orientation is often reflected in cultural practices such as extended family structures, communal decision-making processes, and a focus on group success over individual achievement.

Question 14

Based on the concepts of collectivism versus individualism,which of the following statements about American and Japanese schools would you predict is true?

Accepted Answer

Collectivism is more highly valued in Japan, where group harmony and cooperation are prioritized, while individualism is more highly valued in the United States, where independence and self-reliance are prioritized. Therefore, it is more likely that Japanese students would work in groups and American students would work alone on individual projects.

Question 15

Li-Jun and colleagues examined how language and culture can affect performance on a sorting task.Their research suggests that our unique histories can be shaped by the culture we are raised in.This example demonstrates how the _______ and the _____ perspectives can interact to clarify our understanding.

Accepted Answer

The study by Li-Jun and colleagues suggests that both sociocultural and behavioural perspectives are relevant in understanding how language and culture can impact cognitive performance. The sociocultural perspective emphasizes the role of culture in shaping individuals, while the behavioural perspective focuses on observable behaviours and the influence of reinforcement and conditioning. Therefore, the interaction between these two perspectives can enhance our understanding of how cultural factors influence cognitive processes.

Question 16

There are six psychological perspectives (sociocultural,humanistic,behavioural,psychodynamic,cognitive,and biological)on behaviour.What three levels of analysis allow us to integrate causal factors suggested by each of the six psychological perspectives?

Accepted Answer

The three levels of analysis that allow us to integrate causal factors suggested by each of the six psychological perspectives are biological, psychological, and environmental. This includes factors such as genetics, brain structures and processes, cognition, emotions, behaviour, social and cultural influences, and environmental factors such as experiences, upbringing, and socio-economic status. By considering these three levels of analysis, we can gain a more comprehensive understanding of human behaviour and its underlying causes. Choice A is incorrect because it includes only biological, cognitive, and sociocultural factors, leaving out the important environmental level of analysis. Choice C is incorrect because it includes psychodynamic as one of the levels of analysis, which overlaps with the psychological level and is not as comprehensive as the environmental level. Choice D is incorrect because it leaves out the critical environmental level of analysis.

Question 17

Which psychological disorder is generally considered to be the "common cold" of emotional disturbances?

Accepted Answer

Depression is often considered to be the "common cold" of emotional disturbances because it is the most common mental health disorder, affecting millions of people worldwide. Additionally, it can present with a range of symptoms that can vary in severity from mild to severe, much like the common cold can vary in intensity. While anxiety is also a very common disorder, it is typically not referred to as the "common cold" of emotional disturbances. Schizophrenia and multiple personality disorder (now known as dissociative identity disorder) are less common than depression and involve more severe and complex symptoms.

Question 18

According to the text,one of the most important differences between any two cultures from a psychological perspective is the extent to which they are:

Accepted Answer

The text explicitly states that one of the most important differences between cultures from a psychological perspective is whether they are individualistic or collectivistic, meaning the degree to which individuals prioritize their own interests versus the interests of the larger group or community. The other answer choices (A, B, and D) are not mentioned in the text as being key differences between cultures from a psychological perspective.

Question 19

Which psychological perspective views perception,memory processes,and thoughts as some of the major causes of behaviour?

Accepted Answer

The cognitive perspective focuses on how perception, memory processes, and thoughts influence behavior. This perspective emphasizes the importance of mental processes, such as attention, perception, memory, and decision-making, in shaping behavior.

Question 20

In Western cultures,women are considered the primary caregivers of infants and children.It also seems that,as our population ages,women are the primary caregivers of the elderly.The evolutionary perspective may argue that this is so because:

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Western cultures,women are considered the primary...

Quiz 1: Psychology: the Science of Behaviour