Question 1

Which of the following is a metabolite receptor?
A) aldosterone receptor
B) glucocorticoid receptor
C) progesterone receptor
D) thyroid hormone receptor

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is a metabolite...

Question 2

The ligands for metabolite receptors are often derived from dietary nutrients, including all EXCEPT which of the following?
A) essential amino acids
B) vitamins
C) unsaturated fatty acids
D) saturated fatty acids

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids are not typically considered ligands for metabolite receptors, unlike essential amino acids, vitamins, and unsaturated fatty acids, which can act as ligands for various metabolite receptors involved in nutrient sensing and metabolism.

Question 3

Cultures of two different cell types are exposed to the same signaling ligand. Analysis of gene expression shows that only one of the cell types responded to the ligand. Which of the following may account for this difference?
A) The ligand was only bioavailable to one of the cell types.
B) Only one of the cell types contained accessible target gene DNA sequences.
C) Only one cell type contained DNA.
D) The ligand could only pass through the membrane of one of the cell types.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cultures of two different cell types are...

Question 4

Below is shown the structure of a homodimer of the GR DNA-binding domain. Four areas are highlighted. Which is most likely to interact with DNA? 
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Accepted Answer

The answer of Below is shown the structure of a...

Question 5

This Zn²⁺-containing homodimer is part of A) the glucocorticoid receptor. B) PPAR$\gamma$-RXR$\alpha$. C) TRADD. D) the retinoic acid receptor.

Accepted Answer

The answer of This Zn²⁺-containing homodimer is part of A)...

Question 6

Hsp90 is a type of
A) chaperonin.
B) kinase.
C) response element.
D) heat sensing protease.

Accepted Answer

Hsp90 is a chaperonin, a type of protein that assists in the folding and stabilization of other proteins.

Question 7

Activation of caspases ultimately leads to the programmed death of the cell. What is this process known as? Explain why this may be a beneficial outcome to the organism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Activation of caspases ultimately leads to the...

Question 8

A class of proteins that assist other proteins to fold are known as proteins.
A) folding assist
B) proteasome
C) chaperonin
D) overseer

Accepted Answer

The correct term for proteins that assist other proteins to fold is chaperonin. Options A, B, and D are not correct terms for this type of protein.

Question 9

The __________ domain functions as a protein-protein interaction module and is located in the cytoplasmic tail of TNF receptors.
A) death
B) SH2
C) SH3
D) RIP

Accepted Answer

The death domain is located in the cytoplasmic tail of TNF receptors and functions as a protein-protein interaction module. It plays a crucial role in the induction of programmed cell death through the activation of caspases. The other answer choices (B, C, and D) do not apply to TNF receptor signaling.

Question 10

Cell-specific responses to signaling molecules are possible because
A) nuclear receptor expression is cell specific.
B) target palindromic DNA sequences are ubiquitous.
C) signaling molecules are hydrophobic and can pass through the plasma membrane.
D) only some cells express gated channels for the signaling molecules.

Accepted Answer

Nuclear receptors are expressed in a cell-specific manner, meaning that only certain cells will have receptors for a particular signaling molecule. This allows for cell-specific responses to signaling molecules. Options B, C, and D are not entirely accurate or complete explanations. Palindromic DNA sequences are just one type of response element for nuclear receptors, and signaling molecules can also interact with membrane-bound receptors or intracellular signaling cascades. While some signaling molecules may be hydrophobic and pass through the plasma membrane, there are many signaling molecules that cannot, and therefore different mechanisms are required for their transmission across the membrane. Finally, while gated channels may be a mechanism for some signaling molecules, they are not the only mechanism, and not all cells that respond to signaling molecules have gated channels.

Question 11

Which of the following DNA sequences is MOST likely to be bound by a steroid receptor?
A) AGGAGAACATCATGTTCT
B) AGGAGATAGGAGAACT
C) TTTGATCCAGTTTCCAGT
D) CCCAAGTTCCCAAG

Accepted Answer

Steroid receptors are known to bind to specific DNA sequences called hormone response elements (HREs), which are typically composed of specific nucleotide motifs. The sequence in option A has a strong resemblance to the consensus HRE sequence, suggesting that it may be a target for steroid receptor binding. The other sequences do not show such similarity to the HRE motif.

Question 12

Removal of which metal ion would likely alter the structure of the GR DNA-binding domain and preclude it from binding to DNA? A) Zn²⁺ B) Mg²⁺ C) Ca²⁺ D) Fe²⁺

Accepted Answer

The GR DNA-binding domain contains a zinc finger motif that is stabilized by a single zinc ion coordinated by cysteine and histidine residues. Removing the zinc ion (as in choice A) would disrupt the structure and likely preclude DNA binding. Magnesium (choice B), calcium (choice C), and iron (choice D) ions do not play a role in stabilizing the structure of the zinc finger motif in the GR DNA-binding domain.

Question 13

A response element is
A) any protein whose expression is changed in response to a signal.
B) a sequence of regulatory DNA.
C) a domain of the glucocorticoid receptor that binds DNA.
D) a sequence of DNA coding for a steroid or metabolite receptor.

Accepted Answer

A response element is a sequence of regulatory DNA that is recognized and bound by specific transcription factors in response to a signal. It is not necessarily a protein itself or a specific DNA sequence coding for a receptor. The glucocorticoid receptor domain mentioned is an example of a specific type of transcription factor that can bind to certain response elements.

Question 14

What is the TNF receptor-TRADD-FADD-procaspase 8 adaptor complex also known as?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the TNF receptor-TRADD-FADD-procaspase 8 adaptor...

Question 15

The result of TRADD proteins binding to TNF receptors is that
A) TRADD is phosphorylated.
B) an activated adaptor complex is formed.
C) downstream signaling proteins are inactivated.
D) TNF is degraded.

Accepted Answer

TRADD proteins binding to TNF receptors results in the formation of an activated adaptor complex, which triggers downstream signaling pathways. TRADD proteins themselves may or may not be phosphorylated during this process, but this is not a direct result of their binding to TNF receptors. Downstream signaling proteins are typically activated, not inactivated, as a result of TRADD/TNF signaling. TNF itself is not degraded by TRADD binding.

Question 16

The PPAR$\gamma$-RXR$\alpha$ heterodimer interacts with DNA via
A) the LXXLL sequences.
B) leucine zipper motifs.
C) zinc finger motifs.
D) basic leucine zipper motifs.

Accepted Answer

The PPARγ-RXRα heterodimer interacts with DNA via zinc finger motifs, which are a common structural motif used by many nuclear receptors to bind DNA.

Question 17

Explain how the conformational organization of a nuclear receptor homodimer allows it to recognize inverted repeat sequences of DNA.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how the conformational organization of a...

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT an expected effect of the binding of the glucocorticoid response element by GR?
A) upregulation of annexin I
B) inhibition of the inflammatory response
C) upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2
D) decreased interaction of p65 and p50 of NF$\kappa$B

Accepted Answer

The binding of the glucocorticoid response element by GR is expected to upregulate annexin I and inhibit the inflammatory response. It is also expected to decrease interaction of p65 and p50 of NFF1F1F1S1F1F1F10B. However, it is not expected to upregulate cyclooxygenase-2, which is involved in the inflammatory response.

Question 19

Differentiate between the caspase in the apoptotic pathway that is activated by autocleavage and the caspase that is activated by another enzyme. Clearly name each caspase.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Differentiate between the caspase in the apoptotic...

Question 20

Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that control a wide range of physiologic responses. The responses are governed by cell-specific expression of nuclear receptors and coregulatory proteins and accessibility of target gene DNA sequences. What else governs the responses?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that...

Quiz 8: Cell Signaling Systems

Which of the following is a metabolite receptor?

The ligands for metabolite receptors are often derived from dietary nutrients, including all EXCEPT which of the following?

Cultures of two different cell types are exposed to the same signaling ligand. Analysis of gene expression shows that only one of the cell types responded to the ligand. Which of the following may account for this difference?

Below is shown the structure of a homodimer of the GR DNA-binding domain. Four areas are highlighted. Which is most likely to interact with DNA?

This Zn²⁺-containing homodimer is part of $This Zn<sup>2+</sup>-containing homodimer is part of A) the glucocorticoid receptor. B) PPAR \gamma -RXR \alpha . C) TRADD. D) the retinoic acid receptor.$

Hsp90 is a type of

Activation of caspases ultimately leads to the programmed death of the cell. What is this process known as? Explain why this may be a beneficial outcome to the organism.

A class of proteins that assist other proteins to fold are known as proteins.

The __________ domain functions as a protein-protein interaction module and is located in the cytoplasmic tail of TNF receptors.

Cell-specific responses to signaling molecules are possible because

Which of the following DNA sequences is MOST likely to be bound by a steroid receptor?

Removal of which metal ion would likely alter the structure of the GR DNA-binding domain and preclude it from binding to DNA?

A response element is

What is the TNF receptor-TRADD-FADD-procaspase 8 adaptor complex also known as?

The result of TRADD proteins binding to TNF receptors is that

The PPAR $\gamma$ -RXR $\alpha$ heterodimer interacts with DNA via

Explain how the conformational organization of a nuclear receptor homodimer allows it to recognize inverted repeat sequences of DNA.

Which of the following is NOT an expected effect of the binding of the glucocorticoid response element by GR?

Differentiate between the caspase in the apoptotic pathway that is activated by autocleavage and the caspase that is activated by another enzyme. Clearly name each caspase.

Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that control a wide range of physiologic responses. The responses are governed by cell-specific expression of nuclear receptors and coregulatory proteins and accessibility of target gene DNA sequences. What else governs the responses?

Quiz 8: Cell Signaling Systems

Which of the following is a metabolite receptor?

The ligands for metabolite receptors are often derived from dietary nutrients, including all EXCEPT which of the following?

Cultures of two different cell types are exposed to the same signaling ligand. Analysis of gene expression shows that only one of the cell types responded to the ligand. Which of the following may account for this difference?

Below is shown the structure of a homodimer of the GR DNA-binding domain. Four areas are highlighted. Which is most likely to interact with DNA?

This Zn2+-containing homodimer is part of

Hsp90 is a type of

Activation of caspases ultimately leads to the programmed death of the cell. What is this process known as? Explain why this may be a beneficial outcome to the organism.

A class of proteins that assist other proteins to fold are known as proteins.

The __________ domain functions as a protein-protein interaction module and is located in the cytoplasmic tail of TNF receptors.

Cell-specific responses to signaling molecules are possible because

Which of the following DNA sequences is MOST likely to be bound by a steroid receptor?

Removal of which metal ion would likely alter the structure of the GR DNA-binding domain and preclude it from binding to DNA?

A response element is

What is the TNF receptor-TRADD-FADD-procaspase 8 adaptor complex also known as?

The result of TRADD proteins binding to TNF receptors is that

The PPAR γ\gammaγ -RXR α\alphaα heterodimer interacts with DNA via

Explain how the conformational organization of a nuclear receptor homodimer allows it to recognize inverted repeat sequences of DNA.

Which of the following is NOT an expected effect of the binding of the glucocorticoid response element by GR?

Differentiate between the caspase in the apoptotic pathway that is activated by autocleavage and the caspase that is activated by another enzyme. Clearly name each caspase.

Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that control a wide range of physiologic responses. The responses are governed by cell-specific expression of nuclear receptors and coregulatory proteins and accessibility of target gene DNA sequences. What else governs the responses?

This Zn²⁺-containing homodimer is part of $This Zn<sup>2+</sup>-containing homodimer is part of A) the glucocorticoid receptor. B) PPAR \gamma -RXR \alpha . C) TRADD. D) the retinoic acid receptor.$

The PPAR $\gamma$ -RXR $\alpha$ heterodimer interacts with DNA via