Question 1

Sociologists have identified ways in which grievances are framed.______________framing pinpoints possible solutions or remedies,based on the target previously identified.

Accepted Answer

Prognostic framing involves identifying solutions or remedies to the problems that have been diagnosed, making it the correct choice.

Question 2

"At this stage,leaders emerge to organize others and give them a sense of direction." This represents sociologist Neal Smelser's value­added theory condition of:

Accepted Answer

According to Smelser's value-added theory, mobilization for action occurs when leaders emerge to organize others and give them a sense of direction. This is the condition necessary for social movements to develop and succeed.

Question 3

The______________reflects the influence of sociologist Erving Goffman's "Frame Analysis," in which he suggests that our interpretation of the particulars of events and activities is dependent on the framework from which we perceive them.

Accepted Answer

The concept of "frame analysis" is closely associated with social constructionist theory, which posits that social phenomena and realities are created and constructed through social interactions and language. Goffman's notion of frames as the cognitive structures we use to make meaning of events and activities is a key element of social constructionist theory. Value-added theory, relative deprivation theory, and resource mobilization all focus on different aspects of social movement and do not relate to Goffman's frame analysis.

Question 4

Based on an analysis of U.S.social protest groups (ranging from labor unions to peace movements)between 1800 to 1945,one study concluded that______________strongly influence its chances of success.

Accepted Answer

The organization and tactics of a movement were found to strongly influence its chances of success. This suggests that a well-planned and well-executed strategy is crucial in achieving the goals of social protest groups. Available resources, the presence of charismatic leaders, and the extent of communal bonding may also have an impact, but the study concluded that organization and tactics were the most important factors.

Question 5

______________ theory is based on the assumption that a social movement is an interactive,symbolically defined,and negotiated process that involves participants,opponents,and bystanders.

Accepted Answer

Social constructionist theory recognizes that social movements involve complex interactions between various actors and are not just the result of structural factors or a straightforward calculation of costs and benefits. It emphasizes the importance of symbolic meanings, cultural values, and the negotiated construction of meaning in the development of social movements. This theory recognizes that social movements involve ongoing processes of definition, negotiation, and reinterpretation, and that the boundaries between participants, opponents, and bystanders may be blurred or contested.

Question 6

Ecofeminism emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s out of the feminist,peace,and ecology movements.It is based on the belief that______________is a root cause of environmental problems.

Accepted Answer

Ecofeminism is based on the belief that patriarchy, a social system in which men hold primary power and dominance, is a root cause of environmental problems. This is because patriarchy often values domination over nature and the exploitation of natural resources for profit, leading to environmental degradation and destruction. Ecofeminists argue for the need to challenge patriarchal systems and promote a more gender-balanced and environmentally sustainable society.

Question 7

______________ refer(s)to the discontent that people may feel when they compare their achievements with those of similarly situated persons and find that they have less than they think they deserve.

Accepted Answer

Relative deprivation refers to the feeling of discontent when individuals feel they have less than what they perceive they deserve compared to those in similar situations. This can lead to feelings of frustration and dissatisfaction, even if an individual's absolute situation is objectively good. Unfulfilled rising expectations refers to the idea that individuals may experience disappointment and frustration when their expectations for their social and economic status increase faster than the actual improvement in their circumstances. Anomie refers to a state of normlessness or confusion in society, often resulting from rapid social change or a breakdown in traditional values. Structured alienation refers to the idea that individuals may feel disconnected and estranged from society, often due to their inability to participate fully in societal roles and institutions. While all of these concepts are related to the dissatisfaction people may experience in their lives, relative deprivation best describes the specific feeling of not having what one perceives as deserved when compared to others.

Question 8

According to______________theory,people who are satisfied with their present condition are less likely to seek social change.Social movements arise as a response to people's perception that they have been deprived of their "fair share."

Accepted Answer

The statement specifically refers to the concept of relative deprivation theory, which suggests that social movements are driven by a perceived discrepancy between individuals' expectations/needs and their actual resources/outcomes. This theory highlights the role of perceived injustice and inequality in motivating collective action, rather than a general sense of dissatisfaction or lack of contentment. The other options (value-added, resource mobilization, social constructionist) do not directly address this idea of relative deprivation as a catalyst for social movements.

Question 9

"For a movement to develop,there must be a clear statement of the problem and a shared view of its cause,effects,and possible solution." This illustrates sociologist Neal Smelser's value­added theory condition of:

Accepted Answer

The statement describes the need for a shared understanding of the problem, its causes, effects, and solutions, which aligns with the concept of the spread of a generalized belief in Smelser's value-added theory.

Question 10

______________ theory focuses on the ability of members of a social movement to acquire resources and mobilize people in order to advance their cause.

Accepted Answer

Resource mobilization theory emphasizes the importance of resources, such as money, connections, and media coverage, in the success of a social movement. It also highlights the role of leadership, organization, and strategic planning in mobilizing people towards a common goal.

Question 11

Sociologists have identified ways in which grievances are framed.______________framing provides a vocabulary of motives that compel people to take action.

Accepted Answer

Motivational framing provides the vocabulary of motives that compel people to take action by encouraging them to engage in collective action.

Question 12

"People must become aware of a significant problem and have the opportunity to engage in collective action.Movements are more likely to occur when a person,class,or agency can be singled out as the source of the problem." This illustrates sociologist Neal Smelser's value­added theory condition of:

Accepted Answer

Structural conduciveness refers to the conditions in society that make it possible for a social movement to occur, such as awareness of a problem and the opportunity for collective action.

Question 13

"When a society or community is unable to meet people's expectations that something should be done about a problem,tension occurs in the system." This exemplifies sociologist Neal Smelser's value-added theory condition of:

Accepted Answer

This statement exemplifies the condition of structural strain in Smelser's value-added theory. Structural strain refers to a situation where societal or community structures cannot meet the expectations and needs of individuals, leading to tension and pressure for change. This statement describes the frustration that arises when something needs to be done about a problem and the system is incapable of addressing it, which fits the definition of structural strain.

Question 14

In the______________stage of a social movement,an organizational structure develops and a paid staff begins to lead the group.

Accepted Answer

The institutionalization (or bureaucratization) stage is characterized by the development of an organized structure and the emergence of a paid staff to lead the movement. This stage is marked by the establishment of a formal hierarchy and the creation of formal procedures for decision-making and resource allocation. This stage is often seen as a necessary step for ensuring the long-term sustainability and success of the movement. The other options, preliminary, coalescence, and intermediate, do not involve the development of a formal organizational structure and paid staff.

Question 15

______________ is the linking together of interpretive orientations of individuals and social movement organizations so that there is congruence between individuals' interests,beliefs,and values and the movement's ideologies,goals,and activities.

Accepted Answer

Frame alignment refers to the process of connecting the perspectives and beliefs of individuals with the values and objectives of social movements. This alignment creates a sense of congruence between the interests of individuals and the ideologies and activities of the social movement. Frame placement and frame coordination are not commonly used sociological concepts. Frame congruence is a term that implies the same thing as frame alignment, but it is not commonly used. Therefore, the best choice is A) Frame alignment.

Question 16

Distinct frame alignment processes occur in social movements.______________is the process by which movement organizations reach individuals who already share the same world view as the organization.

Accepted Answer

Frame bridging is the process by which movement organizations reach individuals who already share the same world view as the organization. Frame amplification refers to when the movement organization seeks to expand its support among those who share some of its worldview, while frame transformation is when the organization tries to change the worldview of potential members. Frame extension refers to when the organization seeks to mobilize individuals with different worldviews to support their cause.

Question 17

______________ theory looks at a diverse array of collective actions and the manner in which those actions are based in politics,ideology,and culture.It also incorporates factors of identity,including race,class,gender,and sexuality as sources of collective action and social movements.

Accepted Answer

The characteristics described in the question best align with the New Social Movement theory, which acknowledges the role that identity plays in social movements, and how politics, ideology, and culture impact collective action. Resource mobilization theory focuses more on the practical factors that allow social movements to be successful, such as funding and organization. Relative deprivation theory looks at how individuals or groups perceive their own situation in relation to others, and how this can lead to collective action. Social constructionist theory explores how social realities are created through language and societal interactions.

Question 18

"To reinforce the existing generalized belief,an inciting incident or dramatic event must occur." This exemplifies sociologist Neal Smelser's value­added theory condition of:

Accepted Answer

Smelser's value-added theory identifies five conditions necessary for collective action to occur, one of which is precipitating factors. Precipitating factors refer to an inciting incident or dramatic event that reinforces an existing generalized belief or grievance, thus spurring action.

Question 19

Sociologists have identified ways in which grievances are framed.______________framing identifies a problem and attributes blame or causality to some group or entity so that the social movement has a target for its actions.

Accepted Answer

Diagnostic framing identifies a problem and attributes blame or causality to some group or entity. This type of framing helps to mobilize a social movement by providing a target for its actions. Prognostic framing is focused on proposing a solution or course of action, motivational framing attempts to inspire people to take action, and mechanized framing emphasizes the logistics and practicalities of a social movement's goals.

Question 20

Developed by sociologist Neil Smelser,______________theory is based on the assumption that certain conditions are necessary for the development of a social movement.

Accepted Answer

The value-added theory developed by Neil Smelser is based on the assumption that certain conditions, such as structural conduciveness, structural strain, growth and spread of a generalized belief or ideology, mobilization of participants for action, and weak control by authorities, are necessary for the development of a social movement. The theory suggests that social movements arise not only as a result of material grievances but also as a response to cultural and ideological shifts. The other options listed are also social movement theories but were not developed by Neil Smelser.

Quiz 20: Collective Behavior, social Movements, and Social Change

Sociologists have identified ways in which grievances are framed.______________framing pinpoints possible solutions or remedies,based on the target previously identified.

"At this stage,leaders emerge to organize others and give them a sense of direction." This represents sociologist Neal Smelser's valueadded theory condition of:

The______________reflects the influence of sociologist Erving Goffman's "Frame Analysis," in which he suggests that our interpretation of the particulars of events and activities is dependent on the framework from which we perceive them.

Based on an analysis of U.S.social protest groups (ranging from labor unions to peace movements) between 1800 to 1945,one study concluded that______________strongly influence its chances of success.

______________ theory is based on the assumption that a social movement is an interactive,symbolically defined,and negotiated process that involves participants,opponents,and bystanders.

Ecofeminism emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s out of the feminist,peace,and ecology movements.It is based on the belief that______________is a root cause of environmental problems.

______________ refer(s) to the discontent that people may feel when they compare their achievements with those of similarly situated persons and find that they have less than they think they deserve.

According to______________theory,people who are satisfied with their present condition are less likely to seek social change.Social movements arise as a response to people's perception that they have been deprived of their "fair share."

"For a movement to develop,there must be a clear statement of the problem and a shared view of its cause,effects,and possible solution." This illustrates sociologist Neal Smelser's valueadded theory condition of:

______________ theory focuses on the ability of members of a social movement to acquire resources and mobilize people in order to advance their cause.

Sociologists have identified ways in which grievances are framed.______________framing provides a vocabulary of motives that compel people to take action.

"People must become aware of a significant problem and have the opportunity to engage in collective action.Movements are more likely to occur when a person,class,or agency can be singled out as the source of the problem." This illustrates sociologist Neal Smelser's valueadded theory condition of:

"When a society or community is unable to meet people's expectations that something should be done about a problem,tension occurs in the system." This exemplifies sociologist Neal Smelser's value-added theory condition of:

In the______________stage of a social movement,an organizational structure develops and a paid staff begins to lead the group.

______________ is the linking together of interpretive orientations of individuals and social movement organizations so that there is congruence between individuals' interests,beliefs,and values and the movement's ideologies,goals,and activities.

Distinct frame alignment processes occur in social movements.______________is the process by which movement organizations reach individuals who already share the same world view as the organization.

______________ theory looks at a diverse array of collective actions and the manner in which those actions are based in politics,ideology,and culture.It also incorporates factors of identity,including race,class,gender,and sexuality as sources of collective action and social movements.

"To reinforce the existing generalized belief,an inciting incident or dramatic event must occur." This exemplifies sociologist Neal Smelser's valueadded theory condition of:

Sociologists have identified ways in which grievances are framed.______________framing identifies a problem and attributes blame or causality to some group or entity so that the social movement has a target for its actions.

Developed by sociologist Neil Smelser,______________theory is based on the assumption that certain conditions are necessary for the development of a social movement.

Quiz 20: Collective Behavior, social Movements, and Social Change

Sociologists have identified ways in which grievances are framed.______________framing pinpoints possible solutions or remedies,based on the target previously identified.

"At this stage,leaders emerge to organize others and give them a sense of direction." This represents sociologist Neal Smelser's value­added theory condition of:

The______________reflects the influence of sociologist Erving Goffman's "Frame Analysis," in which he suggests that our interpretation of the particulars of events and activities is dependent on the framework from which we perceive them.

Based on an analysis of U.S.social protest groups (ranging from labor unions to peace movements) between 1800 to 1945,one study concluded that______________strongly influence its chances of success.

______________ theory is based on the assumption that a social movement is an interactive,symbolically defined,and negotiated process that involves participants,opponents,and bystanders.

Ecofeminism emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s out of the feminist,peace,and ecology movements.It is based on the belief that______________is a root cause of environmental problems.

______________ refer(s) to the discontent that people may feel when they compare their achievements with those of similarly situated persons and find that they have less than they think they deserve.

According to______________theory,people who are satisfied with their present condition are less likely to seek social change.Social movements arise as a response to people's perception that they have been deprived of their "fair share."

"For a movement to develop,there must be a clear statement of the problem and a shared view of its cause,effects,and possible solution." This illustrates sociologist Neal Smelser's value­added theory condition of:

______________ theory focuses on the ability of members of a social movement to acquire resources and mobilize people in order to advance their cause.

Sociologists have identified ways in which grievances are framed.______________framing provides a vocabulary of motives that compel people to take action.

"People must become aware of a significant problem and have the opportunity to engage in collective action.Movements are more likely to occur when a person,class,or agency can be singled out as the source of the problem." This illustrates sociologist Neal Smelser's value­added theory condition of:

"When a society or community is unable to meet people's expectations that something should be done about a problem,tension occurs in the system." This exemplifies sociologist Neal Smelser's value-added theory condition of:

In the______________stage of a social movement,an organizational structure develops and a paid staff begins to lead the group.

______________ is the linking together of interpretive orientations of individuals and social movement organizations so that there is congruence between individuals' interests,beliefs,and values and the movement's ideologies,goals,and activities.

Distinct frame alignment processes occur in social movements.______________is the process by which movement organizations reach individuals who already share the same world view as the organization.

______________ theory looks at a diverse array of collective actions and the manner in which those actions are based in politics,ideology,and culture.It also incorporates factors of identity,including race,class,gender,and sexuality as sources of collective action and social movements.

"To reinforce the existing generalized belief,an inciting incident or dramatic event must occur." This exemplifies sociologist Neal Smelser's value­added theory condition of:

Sociologists have identified ways in which grievances are framed.______________framing identifies a problem and attributes blame or causality to some group or entity so that the social movement has a target for its actions.

Developed by sociologist Neil Smelser,______________theory is based on the assumption that certain conditions are necessary for the development of a social movement.

"At this stage,leaders emerge to organize others and give them a sense of direction." This represents sociologist Neal Smelser's valueadded theory condition of:

"For a movement to develop,there must be a clear statement of the problem and a shared view of its cause,effects,and possible solution." This illustrates sociologist Neal Smelser's valueadded theory condition of:

"People must become aware of a significant problem and have the opportunity to engage in collective action.Movements are more likely to occur when a person,class,or agency can be singled out as the source of the problem." This illustrates sociologist Neal Smelser's valueadded theory condition of:

"To reinforce the existing generalized belief,an inciting incident or dramatic event must occur." This exemplifies sociologist Neal Smelser's valueadded theory condition of: