Question 1

Psychologist Edward Tolman won a legal case in the California Supreme Court.

Accepted Answer

Edward Tolman was involved in a legal case against the University of California, which reached the California Supreme Court. The case was about academic freedom and loyalty oaths, and Tolman won, leading to the reinstatement of faculty members who had been dismissed.

Question 2

In Anna Freud's system, specific unconscious structures that enable an individual to avoid awareness of anxiety-arousing issues are called:

Accepted Answer

Defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological strategies used to cope with reality and maintain self-image by avoiding awareness of anxiety-arousing issues.

Question 3

In the Holt's system, the response reaction that has something to do with the meaning of the situation, that is the way an animal or human interprets the situation, is called:

Accepted Answer

The molar response in Holt's system refers to the interpretation of the situation by an animal or human, focusing on the meaning of the situation rather than just the immediate stimuli.

Question 4

In the Sullivan's system, various types of awareness related to self seen from different angles are called:

Accepted Answer

In Sullivan's interpersonal theory, the concept of self is divided into "bad-me," "good-me," and "not-me," which represent different aspects of self-awareness and how individuals perceive themselves in relation to others.

Question 5

As Watson before him, Skinner included the subjective mental element from his investigation.

Accepted Answer

Skinner, like Watson, focused on observable behavior and excluded subjective mental elements from his research, emphasizing behaviorism.

Question 6

Basic anxiety is, in Karen Horney's system, feelings of loneliness, hopelessness, and counter-hostility (emotional responses to hostile situations).

Accepted Answer

Basic anxiety, according to Karen Horney's system, is characterized by feelings of loneliness, hopelessness, and counter-hostility.

Question 7

In Germany, after the Nazi power came to power, psychoanalysis was prohibited as a "Jewish" science, and most therapists were forced to immigrate.

Accepted Answer

The Nazi regime viewed psychoanalysis as a "Jewish" science due to its origins and the Jewish background of many of its prominent figures, leading to its prohibition and the emigration of many therapists.

Question 8

The field examining psychological factors in politics and political behavior is called:

Accepted Answer

Political psychology is the field that studies the psychological factors influencing political behavior and processes.

Question 9

The biggest Skinner's hit was the other book, Beyond Freedom and Dignity. It was featured in Time magazine.

Accepted Answer

Beyond Freedom and Dignity by B.F. Skinner was indeed a significant work and was featured in Time magazine, highlighting its impact and popularity.

Question 10

Skinner's early major work, The Behavior of Organisms (1938), received a largely unenthusiastic review from American psychologists.

Accepted Answer

Skinner's work was initially met with skepticism and criticism from many in the psychological community, as it challenged existing theories and introduced new concepts in behaviorism.

Question 11

According to Skinner, conditions involving different rates and times of reinforcement are called:

Accepted Answer

Schedules of reinforcement refer to the specific patterns of timing and frequency of reinforcement that are used to encourage desired behaviors, as described by B.F. Skinner in his operant conditioning theory.

Question 12

A branch of psychoanalysis focusing on a wide variety of facts related to a person's interaction with the social environment.

Accepted Answer

Ego psychology is a branch of psychoanalysis that emphasizes the role of the ego in development and interaction with the social environment.

Question 13

Purposive behaviorism in the Tolman's system, a type of behaviorism involving the idea of purpose or goal, was also called:

Accepted Answer

Tolman's purposive behaviorism is often referred to as operational behaviorism because it incorporates the idea of purpose or goals in understanding behavior, distinguishing it from other forms of behaviorism that focus solely on observable stimuli and responses.

Question 14

Karl Lashley's experiments revealed that if certain parts of the brain are damaged, other parts never take on the role of the damaged regions.

Accepted Answer

Lashley's experiments suggested that other parts of the brain can sometimes compensate for damaged regions, indicating some level of plasticity in brain function.

Question 15

In Murray's system, stories or interpretations projecting fantasy imagery onto an objective stimulus are called:

Accepted Answer

In Murray's system, "themas" refer to stories or interpretations that project fantasy imagery onto an objective stimulus, often used in the context of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

Question 16

In Skinner's experiments, the animals had enough freedom to move within the box, which was a condition more "natural" to them.

Accepted Answer

Skinner's experiments involved operant conditioning chambers, also known as Skinner boxes, where animals like rats or pigeons could move around and interact with levers or buttons, allowing them to exhibit natural behaviors in response to stimuli.

Question 17

In the Tolman's system, internal processing by which an individual can code, store, recall, and decode information about particular elements of this person's experience.

Accepted Answer

A cognitive map is a mental representation that allows an individual to acquire, code, store, recall, and decode information about the relative locations and attributes of phenomena in their everyday or metaphorical spatial environment.

Question 18

According to Skinner, psychologists have no right to influence people's lives in attempts to make them better.

Accepted Answer

Skinner believed in using behavioral science to improve society and advocated for the application of psychological principles to influence and improve human behavior.

Question 19

In the Skinner's system, this is conditioning based on activities producing effects:

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is a type of learning that occurs when a behavior is reinforced or punished. Reinforcement is anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, while punishment is anything that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. In Skinner's system, operant conditioning is based on the idea that activities that produce positive effects are more likely to be repeated, while activities that produce negative effects are less likely to be repeated.

Question 20

The history of the Aircrib shows that the researchers' great reputation is always a guarantee for the market success of their ideas.

Accepted Answer

The Aircrib, invented by B.F. Skinner, was not a commercial success despite Skinner's great reputation as a psychologist, indicating that reputation alone does not guarantee market success.

Quiz 11: Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis in the Mid-20th Century: Theoretical and Applied P