Question 1

One of Murray's major contributions to psychology was TAT or:

Accepted Answer

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test developed by Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan, used to reveal a person's social drives or needs by their interpretation of a series of pictures of emotionally ambiguous situations.

Question 2

Edward Tolman suggested an expansion of the traditional S →R (stimulus-reaction) model and added S→O→R, in which "O" stood for:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Edward Tolman suggested an expansion of the...

Question 3

Erik Erikson theorized that all people pass through eight developmental stages that stretch from birth to death. In each stage, the ego:

Accepted Answer

In Erikson's theory, each developmental stage involves a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved for healthy ego development.

Question 4

Anna Freud's most influential book was The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense.

Accepted Answer

Anna Freud's "The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense" is considered her most influential work, as it laid the foundation for the study of defense mechanisms in psychoanalysis.

Question 5

According to Anna Freud, the defense of the ego is launched automatically and:

Accepted Answer

Anna Freud proposed that ego defenses operate mostly unconsciously to protect the individual from anxiety and internal conflicts.

Question 6

B.F. Skinner claimed that the alleged freedom that Americans thought they possessed was merely a set of conditioned reactions called:

Accepted Answer

Skinner believed that consumerism, the act of buying and consuming goods and services, was a powerful force that shaped American behavior and values. He argued that consumerism created a cycle of desire, consumption, and dissatisfaction that kept people trapped in a materialistic and unfulfilling lifestyle.

Question 7

According to Jacques Lacan, early in life, we learn how to desire things not because we need them but rather because:

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Jacques Lacan, early in life,...

Question 8

Because of their belief in the possibility to improve humanity through social changes, both psychoanalysis and behaviorism shared similar:

Accepted Answer

Both psychoanalysis and behaviorism were rooted in the idea that human behavior and mental processes could be understood and improved through systematic changes, reflecting progressive ideas about human potential and societal improvement.

Question 9

Skinner designed and built various learning machines based on the concept of positive reinforcement. His inventions were generally:

Accepted Answer

Skinner's learning machines were often simple mechanical devices using cards and plastic to facilitate programmed instruction and positive reinforcement.

Question 10

Karen Horney rejected the view that the source of female unconscious conflicts is rooted in the woman's:

Accepted Answer

Horney believed that female unconscious conflicts stem from a sense of inferiority, which she attributed to cultural factors rather than biological ones.

Question 11

Two major interests or factors influenced B.F.Skinner's future research orientation. One was behaviorism. The other influence was his:

Accepted Answer

Skinner's exceptional craftsmanship skills influenced his research orientation, as they allowed him to design and build experimental apparatuses for his studies on behavior.

Question 12

Erikson's theory has obvious strengths from a cross-cultural viewpoint.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Erikson's theory has obvious strengths from a...

Question 13

B.F. Skinner did not like the term "Skinner box" given to his experimental devices; he preferred to use another term, which was:

Accepted Answer

Skinner preferred the term "experimental space" for his devices, as it more accurately described the purpose and function of the apparatus used in his behavioral experiments.

Question 14

Clark Hull tried to reduce practically every aspect of human existence to:

Accepted Answer

Clark Hull was known for his mechanistic approach to psychology, attempting to explain behavior in terms of physical and mechanical processes.

Question 15

In the 1920s and 1930s rats were considered "model animals". Why?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the 1920s and 1930s rats were...

Question 16

One of Skinner's experiments examined the formation of superstition in one of his favorite experimental animals:

Accepted Answer

Skinner's experiments on superstition were conducted with pigeons, where he observed that they developed superstitious behaviors when they were given food at random intervals.

Question 17

B.F. Skinner conducted a government-sponsored psychological study of Adolph Hitler

Accepted Answer

B.F. Skinner did not conduct a government-sponsored psychological study of Adolf Hitler. The idea of analyzing Hitler's personality was explored by other psychologists, such as Walter Langer, who produced the "Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler" for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) during World War II.

Question 18

Psychoanalysis earned a reputation as a theory and method valid primarily within the Western culture.

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalysis, developed by Sigmund Freud, originated in Western Europe and has been critiqued for its cultural biases, making it more applicable and accepted within Western contexts compared to non-Western cultures.

Question 19

Who introduced the cognitive map concept?

Accepted Answer

Edward C. Tolman introduced the concept of the cognitive map in the context of his work on latent learning and cognitive processes in animals.

Question 20

Mary Cover Jones (1897-1987) became known for her research of conditioning related to:

Accepted Answer

Mary Cover Jones is best known for her pioneering work in the treatment of fear in infants, particularly through her study involving the desensitization of a child's fear of rabbits.

Quiz 11: Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis in the Mid-20th Century: Theoretical and Applied P