Question 1

Symptoms of schizophrenia begin to appear at a median age of about

Accepted Answer

The median age for the onset of symptoms of schizophrenia is around 20 years old.

Question 2

A current authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders is known as the

Accepted Answer

The DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision) is a current and widely accepted authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders. The medical model and biopsychosocial approach are broader frameworks for understanding psychological disorders, but the specific classification system is the DSM-IV-TR. OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder) is a specific disorder listed in the DSM-IV-TR, but it is not the classification system itself.

Question 3

Ongoing patterns of behavior that are different from those of most other people in your culture are best characterized as

Accepted Answer

Ongoing patterns of behavior that are different from those of most other people in your culture are best characterized as deviant. "Deviant" in this context means deviating from the norm or widely accepted behavior patterns.

Question 4

Brian often interrupts his teacher while she is speaking and frequently forgets to complete his homework assignments. He also has difficulty taking turns in playground games with classmates. Brian most clearly exhibits symptoms of

Accepted Answer

Brian's symptoms of interrupting, forgetfulness, and difficulty taking turns in playground games are all common behaviors associated with ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder). The other answer choices are not related to Brian's symptoms.

Question 5

Elaine feels that her life is empty,has lost all interest in her career and hobbies,and wonders if she would be better off dead. She is most likely suffering from

Accepted Answer

Elaine's symptoms suggest that she is experiencing a mood disorder, specifically depression. The feelings of emptiness, loss of interest, and thoughts of death are common symptoms of depression. Anorexia nervosa and obsessive-compulsive disorder are not the most likely diagnoses based on the information given. Social phobia may cause anxiety and avoidance of social situations, but it is not likely the primary diagnosis for Elaine's symptoms.

Question 6

Inanna suffers from chronic depression. According to the social-cognitive perspective,how is she most likely to respond when told that she performed very poorly on a test she took the previous day?

Accepted Answer

According to the social-cognitive perspective, individuals with chronic depression tend to have negative cognitive distortions and a tendency to view negative events as stable, global, and internal. Option A reflects an internal and stable explanation for the poor test performance, which is the most likely response for someone with chronic depression. Options B, C, and D do not reflect this pattern of negative cognitive distortions.

Question 7

To break the vicious cycle of depression,the social-cognitive perspective suggests that people should be encouraged to explain their failures in terms that are both

Accepted Answer

According to the social-cognitive perspective, people with depression tend to explain their failures in internal and stable terms, which reinforces feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. To break this cycle, they should be encouraged to explain their failures in external and temporary terms, which may help them to feel more in control and optimistic about the future. Therefore, the best answer is D, which suggests that failures should be explained in external and temporary terms.

Question 8

A guest on a TV talk show claims that "major depressive disorder is not a psychological problem; it's a disease that can be medically treated." Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of this claim.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A guest on a TV talk show...

Question 9

Mr. Hoffman has always been cautious with his money,but over the past two weeks he has developed grandiose plans to bet his entire life savings on a single horse race. With unrestrained exuberance he has also been giving everybody he sees unsolicited advice on how to make millions in the stock market. Mr. Hoffman's behavior is most indicative of

Accepted Answer

Mr. Hoffman's behavior suggests a manic episode, which is a symptom of bipolar disorder. Mania is characterized by elevated, euphoric or irritable mood, increased energy, grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, excessively talkative behavior, and risk-taking behaviors such as impulsive spending and gambling. This is not consistent with obsessive-compulsive disorder, antisocial personality disorder, or panic attacks.

Question 10

The symptoms of ________ are likely to appear at an earlier age than the symptoms of ________.

Accepted Answer

Antisocial personality disorder symptoms typically manifest around age 15, whereas schizophrenia symptoms often appear in late adolescence to early adulthood (20s-early 30s).

Question 11

One difficulty with a purely attributional explanation of depression is that negative attributions

Accepted Answer

Negative attributions may be a consequence of depression, rather than the cause. This suggests that there is a bidirectional relationship between negative attributional style and depression.

Question 12

Which perspective suggests that explaining our own failures in terms that are global,stable,and internal contributes to depression?

Accepted Answer

This perspective is known as the social-cognitive perspective, which emphasizes the role of cognitive processes and social interactions in shaping behavior and mental disorders. According to this perspective, individuals who explain their failures in terms that are global (i.e. affecting many areas of life), stable (i.e. unlikely to change over time), and internal (i.e. due to personal characteristics) are more likely to experience depression. This is known as the learned helplessness model of depression.

Question 13

An overabundance of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is most likely to be associated with

Accepted Answer

An overabundance of norepinephrine has been linked to manic episodes in individuals with bipolar disorder. Norepinephrine is responsible for regulating arousal and alertness, and an excess of this neurotransmitter can cause individuals to experience intense excitement, euphoria, and hyperactivity, all of which are common features of manic episodes.

Question 14

People who suffer chronic depression are at high risk for experiencing

Accepted Answer

Chronic depression can lead to isolation and difficulty in maintaining social relationships, which increases the risk of social rejection. A and B are not typical symptoms of chronic depression, and C is not a common result of the disorder.

Question 15

At one time,disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. These were replaced with psychiatric hospitals in which attempts were made to diagnose and cure those with psychological disorders. This best illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of

Accepted Answer

The medical model emphasized the importance of diagnosing and treating psychological disorders in a hospital or clinical setting, which led to the development of psychiatric hospitals where individuals with mental illnesses could receive treatment instead of being simply "warehoused" in asylums.

Question 16

An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories,evolutionary processes,and gender roles is most clearly provided by

Accepted Answer

The biopsychosocial approach considers the interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors in causing and perpetuating psychological disorders. This approach allows for an integrated understanding of psychological disorders that considers the role of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles. In contrast, linkage analysis focuses on identifying specific genes associated with a disorder, the medical model emphasizes medical treatments for disorders, and the learning perspective gives weight to the role of conditioning and reinforcement in shaping behavior.

Question 17

Amanda's therapist suggests that her depression results from mistakenly blaming herself rather than a slumping economy for her recent job loss. Her therapist's suggestion best illustrates a

Accepted Answer

The therapist's suggestion shows a focus on Amanda's thought processes and how they contribute to her feelings of depression, which is a key aspect of the social-cognitive perspective. The other options (DSM-IV-TR diagnosis, linkage analysis, medical model) are not applicable to this scenario.

Question 18

A newspaper editorialist argues that the use of DSM-IV-TR diagnostic labels is destructively antidemocratic,because it enables an elite corps of mental health professionals to subtly control the values and life-styles of the rest of society. First give reasons supporting this argument,then defend the continued use of diagnostic labels.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A newspaper editorialist argues that the use...

Question 19

A therapist suggests that Margaret is depressed because she attributes her failures to her own incompetence instead of blaming her parents and teachers for the unreasonable demands they place on her. The therapist's interpretation most clearly reflects a ________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The therapist's interpretation suggests that Margaret's depression is due to her negative thought patterns and self-blame, which aligns with the social-cognitive perspective. This perspective emphasizes the role of cognition and social factors in shaping behavior and mental processes.

Question 20

Brenna perceived Chad's friendliness towards her as threatening and inappropriate because she had been falsely informed that he suffered a psychotic disorder. This best illustrates the

Accepted Answer

This scenario demonstrates how a diagnostic label can bias our perceptions and interpretations of someone's behavior. Brenna's preconceived belief that Chad had a psychotic disorder influenced how she interpreted and reacted to his friendliness. This highlights the negative effects that diagnostic labels can have on individuals, especially when they are misinformed or misused.

Quiz 8: Reasons for Unreason