All of the following are examples of contractual vertical marketing systems, except:

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Distribution-sponsored voluntary chains, wholesaler-sponsored voluntary chains, and retailer-sponsored cooperatives are all examples of contractual vertical marketing systems. Franchising programs also fall under this category as they involve a contractual agreement between the franchisor and franchisee. Therefore, the correct answer is A, as it is not an example of a contractual vertical marketing system.

All of the Following Are Examples of Contractual Vertical Marketing