Question 1

Which of the following behaviors is not a tactic for programming behavior maintenance?

Accepted Answer

Varying the acceptable behaviors during training is not a tactic for programming behavior maintenance. The other options listed are all tactics that can be used to program behavior maintenance.

Question 2

Which of the following is not a tactic for programming stimulus generalization?

Accepted Answer

Training sufficient response exemplars is a tactic for programming response generalization, not stimulus generalization. Stimulus generalization involves the process where a conditioned response is triggered by stimuli that are similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus. The tactics for promoting stimulus generalization include making the training situation similar to the test situation, programming common stimuli, and training sufficient stimulus exemplars.

Question 3

One can heat water by placing a tin of it over a campfire, plugging in an electric kettle, or placing a hot rock into a can of water.These alternatives constitute:

Accepted Answer

These alternatives are different methods (responses) that achieve the same outcome (heating water), making them functionally equivalent responses.

Question 4

Adding "ed" to the ends of verbs to indicate past tense illustrates:

Accepted Answer

Adding "ed" to the ends of verbs to indicate past tense is an example of response generalization because it involves applying a learned response (adding "ed") to different stimuli (different verbs) based on their shared characteristic of being verbs that need to be changed to past tense.

Question 5

When behavior becomes more probable in the presence of one stimulus or situation as a result of having been reinforced in the presence of another stimulus or situation, we say that _____________has occurred.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization occurs when a behavior becomes more probable in the presence of one stimulus due to reinforcement received in the presence of another, similar stimulus. This means the behavior is triggered by stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus associated with the reinforcement.

Question 6

Developing a behavior that comes under the control of natural contingencies of reinforcement so that the behavior will persist after the training contingencies are withdrawn is called:

Accepted Answer

Behavioral trapping refers to the process where a behavior, initially developed under specific training conditions, becomes maintained by natural contingencies of reinforcement in the environment, thus ensuring the behavior continues even after the original training conditions are removed.

Question 7

A child who calls all four-legged animals "dogs" is exhibiting___________ .

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization occurs when a person responds to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus. In this case, the child is generalizing the term "dog" to all four-legged animals.

Question 8

When the probability of the behavior is different in the presence of two different stimuli or situations, ________________is occurring.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism responds differently to two or more stimuli, based on the difference in probability or consequences of the behavior in each situation. This is in contrast to stimulus generalization, where an organism responds similarly to two or more stimuli that are similar, without discriminating between them. Stimulus shaping refers to gradually modifying a behavior through reinforcement, and stimulus satiation refers to a decrease in the effectiveness of a reinforcer due to excessive exposure.

Question 9

In stimulus generalization, an individual makes a different response to two different stimuli, whereas in stimulus discrimination, an individual makes the same response to two different stimuli.

Accepted Answer

The statement is incorrect. In stimulus generalization, an individual makes the same response to two different stimuli, whereas in stimulus discrimination, an individual makes a different response to two different stimuli.

Question 10

A child learns that a tiny Chihuahua and a large German Shepherd are both dogs, because they share some common features, even though they are very different in many respects.This represents:

Accepted Answer

This scenario exemplifies stimulus generalization due to a stimulus common-element class, where the child recognizes both the Chihuahua and the German Shepherd as dogs because they share common features that define them as members of the category "dogs," despite their differences in size and appearance.

Question 11

After learning to call her dog "Doggie," a baby also refers to her dog as "Dogged," "Dada," and "Diggy." The child is exhibiting _____________.

Accepted Answer

The child is exhibiting response generalization, which occurs when a learned response to a specific stimulus leads to similar responses to similar stimuli. In this case, the child is using variations of the word "Doggie" to refer to the dog.

Question 12

Within a behavioral approach, a set of stimuli that have some physical characteristic in common is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A common-element stimulus class is a set of stimuli that share a physical characteristic or feature. This can be useful in behavior analysis when attempting to identify the antecedent stimuli that may trigger a certain behavior. The other options do not fit this definition.

Question 13

If a child is taught to say "dog" when viewing different dogs, then the child is likely to generalize and refer to any variety of dog as a "dog".This would be an example of: a) training sufficient stimulus exemplars$\quad $$\quad $b) training sufficient response exemplars c) response generalization$\quad $$\quad $$\quad $$\quad $$\quad $$\quad $$\quad $d) behavior maintenance

Accepted Answer

Training sufficient stimulus exemplars involves teaching a behavior (e.g., saying "dog") in the presence of various examples of a category (different dogs), leading to the ability to generalize the learned behavior to new, similar stimuli.

Question 14

If a behavior is maintained in the natural environment because the subject has been explicitly taught how to obtain reinforcement from individuals (after emitting the target behavior), we say that _____________has occurred.

Accepted Answer

"Recruiting reinforcement" refers to the process of intentionally seeking out and obtaining reinforcement from others for a specific behavior. This is different from response generalization (A), which refers to the tendency for a behavior to occur in response to different stimuli or in different situations, and behavioral trapping (B), which refers to the unintentional reinforcement of a behavior in the environment. Stimulus generalization (C) refers to the tendency for a response to occur after the presentation of a similar stimulus, regardless of whether that stimulus was present during training or not.

Question 15

Training sufficient response exemplars, and varying the responses that are acceptable during training to increase the probability of a variety of responses occurring in the test situation are two tactics for:

Accepted Answer

Training sufficient response exemplars and varying the acceptable responses during training are strategies for programming response generalization. This means that the individual is more likely to generalize the behavior to new situations and settings, leading to more lasting behavior change.

Question 16

If teaching a child to say "dog" in the presence of a small brown dog increases the chances that the child will also say "dog" to small black dogs and large white dogs, we say that______ has occurred.

Accepted Answer

The scenario describes stimulus generalization, which is when a response to a specific stimulus is generalized to other similar stimuli. In this case, the child's response of saying "dog" to a small brown dog is generalized to small black dogs and large white dogs. Response generalization (A) would refer to the child producing other responses beyond saying "dog" in response to a small brown dog. Stimulus control (B) refers to the extent to which a behavior is influenced by environmental factors. Stimulus discrimination (D) refers to the ability to differentiate between stimuli and respond differently to each one.

Question 17

Suppose that a child is typically noncompliant when asked to do a particular task.The teacher therefore asks the child to perform three tasks in succession that the child likes to do, and then asks the child to perform the task on which he is noncompliant.As a result of this procedure, the child performs all four tasks.This illustrates:

Accepted Answer

This situation illustrates Behavioral Momentum, which refers to the tendency for behaviors that have been reinforced in the past to persist in the face of distractions or attempts to interrupt them. By having the child perform three tasks that he enjoys before the noncompliant task, the teacher is building behavioral momentum that carries over into the noncompliant task, increasing the likelihood of compliance.

Question 18

If a CS is presented without further pairings with a US, the CS will lose its ability to elicit the CR.This is known as:

Accepted Answer

Respondent extinction refers to the gradual disappearance of a learned response when the CS is presented repeatedly without the US. This means that the CS loses its ability to elicit the CR. Operant extinction refers to the gradual disappearance of a learned behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced. Counterconditioning refers to the process of replacing an undesirable response to a stimulus with a more desirable one. Behavioral momentum refers to the persistence of a behavior in the face of disruption or distraction. None of these options are directly related to the loss of the CR due to the CS being presented without the US, making B the best choice.

Question 19

The more reinforcement that occurs in a given situation in which a response is reinforced, the more resistant to disruption that response will be in that situation.This is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Behavioral momentum refers to the greater persistence of behavior under certain conditions of high response rate or high reinforcement density. The more reinforcement that occurs in a given situation, the more momentum the behavior has and the more resistant it will be to disruption. Response generalization refers to the tendency of the same response to occur in the presence of similar, but not identical, stimuli. Stimulus generalization refers to the tendency of different responses to occur in the presence of similar, but not identical, stimuli. Behavior maintenance refers to the continued occurrence of behavior over time.

Question 20

When a behavior becomes more probable in the presence of a stimulus or situation as a result of a similar behavior having been strengthened in the presence of that stimulus or situation,_________________ has occurred.

Accepted Answer

This describes response generalization, which occurs when a behavior becomes more likely to occur in the presence of a specific stimulus or situation due to a similar behavior being reinforced in that context. This can result in a range of related behaviors also becoming more probable in that context.

Quiz 31: Shaping and Schedules of Reinforcement: A Comprehensive Guide