Question 1

Behavior modification is based on the following two propositions:
A)Behavior can be controlled, and it is always ethically appropriate to do so.
B)Behavior can be partially controlled, and it is always ethically appropriate to do so.
C)Behavior can be controlled, and it is desirable to do so in order to achieve certain objectives.
D)Behavior can be partially controlled, and it is desirable to do so in order to achieve certain objectives.

Accepted Answer

Behavior modification is based on the belief that behavior can be controlled in order to achieve certain objectives, such as improving academic or social skills. However, it is not always ethically appropriate to control someone's behavior, as there may be situations where it violates their autonomy or dignity. Therefore, option A is not entirely accurate. Option B suggests that only partial control of behavior is possible, which is not completely true either. Therefore, option D is also not the best choice.

Question 2

Countercontrol may be defined as:
A)the amount of control a therapist can exert over a client in a therapeutic relationship by virtue of access to suitable reinforcers
B)the amount of control a client can exert over the therapist in a therapeutic relationship by virtue of access to suitable reinforcers
C)the amount of control exerted over behavior by an intervention
D)the amount of control exerted over behavior by extraneous variables

Accepted Answer

Countercontrol refers to the amount of control a client can exert over the therapist in a therapeutic relationship by virtue of access to suitable reinforcers. It is important for therapists to be aware of this concept and find ways to balance control in the therapeutic relationship.

Question 3

A book that translated Freudian psychodynamic concepts into the language of Hull's learning theory, and that had an influence in the early days of behavior modification, was written by__________ .
A)Ullman and Krasner
B)Ayllon and Michael
C)Wolpe and Guthrie
D)Dollard and Miller

Accepted Answer

The book that translated Freudian psychodynamic concepts into the language of Hull's learning theory, and that had an influence in the early days of behavior modification, was "Personality and Psychotherapy: An Analysis in Terms of Learning, Thinking, and Culture" written by Dollard and Miller.

Question 4

In his book Beyond Freedom and Dignity, Skinner argued that:
A)the concept of "freedom" prevents us from recognizing how our behavior is controlled by positive reinforcers
B)to be free, we need to improve bringing our behavior under self-control
C)in order to achieve dignity for all, we need to improve the way that our behavior is controlled
D)we need to decrease the amount of control exerted over us by various levels of government

Accepted Answer

Skinner believed that the concept of "freedom" was limiting because it suggests that our behavior is self-determined and not influenced by external factors such as positive reinforcement. He argued that by recognizing the ways in which our behavior is controlled through reinforcement, we can better understand and shape our behavior to achieve our goals. Skinner did not advocate for decreasing government control or improving self-control for the sake of achieving freedom or dignity.

Question 5

Which of the following is not a recommended characteristic of target behaviors selected for clients?
A)They should emphasize teaching functional, age-appropriate skills.
B)They should be in the best interests of the client's caretakers.
C)They should focus on teaching skills that promote independent functioning.
D)They should emphasize skills that will enable the client to pursue preferred activities.

Accepted Answer

Target behaviors should be selected based on the needs and goals of the individual client, rather than the interests of their caretakers or any other external parties. The other characteristics listed are recommended when selecting target behaviors for clients.

Question 6

From a behavioral point of view, the term "ethics" refers to:
A)certain standards of behavior that are developed by a culture and that promote the survival of that culture
B)the influence the controllee has on the controller by virtue of access to suitable reinforcers
C)the degree of aversiveness involved in a given intervention
D)a set of moral values adhered to by a culture

Accepted Answer

Ethics, from a behavioral viewpoint, refers to standards of behavior developed by a culture to promote its survival. These standards are essentially guidelines that help individuals within the culture to make decisions and behave in ways that support the culture's continuity and well-being.

Question 7

People have learned to react negatively to all overt attempts to control behavior because:
A)they are inherently free and therefore behavioral control is aversive
B)they wish to maintain their freedom and dignity
C)of their experiences with others who have used their power for their own benefit
D)the actions of religious leaders illustrates that one should not attempt to control the behavior of others

Accepted Answer

People have learned to react negatively to all overt attempts to control behavior because of their experiences with others who have used their power for their own benefit.

Question 8

Behavior modification should always be used to maintain the status quo in social
relationships.

Accepted Answer

Behavior modification techniques can be used to bring about positive changes in social relationships, such as improving communication or reducing conflict. It is not necessary to use behavior modification solely for maintaining the status quo.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an intervention that is least intrusive or restrictive?
A)It emphasizes wisely-used aversive control.
B)It emphasizes use of positive reinforcement.
C)It maximizes choices and freedom of movement for the client.
D)It emphasizes use of natural reinforcers versus contrived reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

An intervention that emphasizes wisely-used aversive control is not considered least intrusive or restrictive as it involves the use of aversive stimuli to modify behavior, which can be intrusive and restrictive. Least intrusive or restrictive interventions emphasize the use of positive reinforcement, maximizing choices and freedom of movement for the client, and the use of natural reinforcers versus contrived reinforcers.

Question 10

Prilleltensky has argued that psychology has too readily accepted the status quo rather than questioning whether the status quo is the best for human welfare.

Accepted Answer

Prilleltensky has criticized psychology for not sufficiently challenging societal norms and policies that can negatively impact individuals' well-being.

Question 11

Even if a particular behavior modification procedure produces undesirable effects, that does not refute behavior modification.

Accepted Answer

Just because a particular procedure has undesired effects does not mean that behavior modification is inherently flawed. It could simply mean that the specific procedure needs to be revised or replaced with a more effective one.

Question 12

All social help professions are involved in the control of behavior.

Accepted Answer

Social help professions, such as social workers, therapists and counselors, are involved in helping individuals manage and modify their behavior in order to improve their overall well-being and functioning. This may involve helping individuals develop coping strategies, improve communication skills, manage emotions, and adjust thought patterns or beliefs. Therefore, social help professions are involved in behavior control to help individuals achieve positive outcomes.

Question 13

Behavior modifiers must confine themselves to a small number of methods that are appropriate only for very simple behavior problems.

Accepted Answer

Behavior modifiers have a range of methods and techniques that can be used for a variety of behavior problems, ranging from simple to complex.

Question 14

Consider the following ethical principle: "Psychologists recognize the boundaries of their particular competencies and the limitations of their expertise." To the extent that psychologists practice this ethical guideline, they are illustrating:
A)contingency shaped behavior
B)responsible behavior
C)moral behavior
D)rule-governed behavior

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider the following ethical principle: "Psychologists recognize...

Question 15

The doctrine of free will is a valid criticism of attempts to develop a technology of behavior.

Accepted Answer

The doctrine of free will is a philosophical and ethical concept, not a scientific criticism, and does not directly invalidate attempts to develop a technology of behavior, which is based on understanding and influencing behavior through scientific methods.

Question 16

A primary conclusion of a commission of APA concerning ethical issues in behavior modification was that persons engaged in any type of psychological intervention should:
A)have a minimum of three years supervised clinical experience
B)have a Ph.D.in psychology from a recognized university
C)subscribe to and follow the ethics codes and standards of their professions
D)be a member of the American Psychological Association

Accepted Answer

The primary conclusion of the commission of APA concerning ethical issues in behavior modification was that persons engaged in any type of psychological intervention should subscribe to and follow the ethics codes and standards of their professions. While having supervised clinical experience and a Ph.D. in psychology can be important factors, they are not the primary focus of the conclusion. Being a member of the American Psychological Association is not necessary to adhere to ethical codes and standards, although it may be beneficial for professional development and networking.

Quiz 31: Shaping and Schedules of Reinforcement: A Comprehensive Guide

Behavior modification is based on the following two propositions:

Countercontrol may be defined as:

A book that translated Freudian psychodynamic concepts into the language of Hull's learning theory, and that had an influence in the early days of behavior modification, was written by__________ .

In his book Beyond Freedom and Dignity, Skinner argued that:

Which of the following is not a recommended characteristic of target behaviors selected for clients?

From a behavioral point of view, the term "ethics" refers to:

People have learned to react negatively to all overt attempts to control behavior because:

Behavior modification should always be used to maintain the status quo in social relationships.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an intervention that is least intrusive or restrictive?

Prilleltensky has argued that psychology has too readily accepted the status quo rather than questioning whether the status quo is the best for human welfare.

Even if a particular behavior modification procedure produces undesirable effects, that does not refute behavior modification.

All social help professions are involved in the control of behavior.

Behavior modifiers must confine themselves to a small number of methods that are appropriate only for very simple behavior problems.

Consider the following ethical principle: "Psychologists recognize the boundaries of their particular competencies and the limitations of their expertise." To the extent that psychologists practice this ethical guideline, they are illustrating:

The doctrine of free will is a valid criticism of attempts to develop a technology of behavior.

A primary conclusion of a commission of APA concerning ethical issues in behavior modification was that persons engaged in any type of psychological intervention should: