Question 1

When a particular behavior is likely to occur in the presence of a particular stimulus
and not others, we say that stimulus generalization exists.

Accepted Answer

When a particular behavior is likely to occur in the presence of a particular stimulus and not others, we say that stimulus discrimination exists, not generalization. Stimulus generalization refers to when a similar stimulus to the original one elicits the same response.

Question 2

As a result of learning to match A to B and B to C, an individual can now match A to C without specific training.This is called:

Accepted Answer

Transitivity refers to the ability to derive relations between stimuli that have not been directly trained. In this case, the individual is able to derive the relation between A and C without explicit training, indicating their ability to understand transitive relations. Option A, stimulus equivalence, is a related concept but refers specifically to the ability to generalize learning to novel stimuli that have not been directly trained. Options C and D refer to basic properties of stimulus-stimulus relationships and are not specific to the ability to understand transitive relations.

Question 3

A______ is defined as any physical event or object in one's immediate surroundings that impinge on one's sensory receptors and that can affect a behavior.

Accepted Answer

A is the correct definition of a stimulus, which is any physical event or object in one's immediate surroundings that impinge on one's sensory receptors and that can affect a behavior. Positive reinforcer refers specifically to a behavior consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, discriminative stimulus refers to a specific type of stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement, and natural reinforce is not a commonly recognized term in behavior analysis.

Question 4

Recognizing objects that are red and discriminating them from objects that are green is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Conceptual behavior is the ability to recognize and discriminate objects based on their abstract properties, such as color, shape, or function. In this case, the ability to recognize objects that are red and discriminate them from objects that are green is an example of conceptual behavior.

Question 5

When behavior becomes more probable in the presence of one stimulus or situation as a result of having been reinforced in the presence of another stimulus or situation, we say that _____________has occurred.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization occurs when a behavior becomes more probable in the presence of one stimulus due to reinforcement received in the presence of another, similar stimulus. This means the behavior is triggered by stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus associated with the reinforcement.

Question 6

If teaching a child to say "red" in the presence of red objects increases the chances that the child will also say "red" to pink objects, we say that___________ has occurred.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization refers to the transfer of behavior from one stimulus to a similar stimulus. In this case, the child's ability to say "red" in the presence of red objects has generalized to pink objects.

Question 7

A stimulus common-element class is made up of stimuli that are physically different but functionally similar.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A stimulus common-element class is made up...

Question 8

Preverbal infants show quite different response patterns on certain schedules of reinforcement than do animals on those same schedules.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Preverbal infants show quite different response patterns...

Question 9

Schedules of reinforcement can help us in understanding the causes of pathological gambling that some might attribute to "inner compulsions."

Accepted Answer

Schedules of reinforcement, such as variable ratio schedules, can create persistent behavior patterns that resemble pathological gambling. Understanding these schedules can help us understand the behavioral mechanisms behind gambling addiction, rather than solely attributing it to internal compulsions.

Question 10

If a father were to tell his 16-year-old son, "You can use the family car on Saturday if you mow the lawn on Friday," and if the son mows the lawn on Friday, we would describe the son's lawn-mowing as:

Accepted Answer

The son's behavior of mowing the lawn on Friday can be described as rule-governed behavior because he followed a specific rule (if he mows the lawn on Friday, he can use the car on Saturday) set by his father. This behavior was not shaped by consequences (contingency shaped) or driven by personal interest (intrinsically motivated) or self-directed (self-managed).

Question 11

Which of the following questions are you not likely to ask yourself when you are considering the selection of a stimulus to be set up as an SD for the behavior of another person?

Accepted Answer

Question C is asking about reinforcers, which is not directly related to selecting a stimulus as an SD for behavior. The other three questions are relevant to consider when selecting an appropriate stimulus as an SD.

Question 12

A child learns that a small green Volkswagen and a large white limousine are both cars, because they share some common features, even though they are very different in many respects.This represents:

Accepted Answer

The child is able to categorize the small green Volkswagen and the large white limousine as cars due to a common element class, which refers to shared features or characteristics despite differences in other aspects. This is an example of stimulus generalization involving a stimulus common-element class. Option A is not the best choice as physical similarity alone may not always lead to stimulus generalization. Option B is not applicable as stimulus equivalence classes involve stimuli that are learned to be interchangeable or equivalent through training. Option C, behavioral momentum, refers to the tendency of behavior to persist when the conditions for that behavior have recently been in effect and may not be relevant in this context.

Question 13

An apple, a banana, and a grape are members of a stimulus-equivalence class called food.

Accepted Answer

The three items belong to the same functional class - they are all edible items that can be consumed for sustenance. This is an example of stimulus equivalence, where different stimuli elicit the same response or behavior.

Question 14

When a particular behavior is likely to occur in the presence of a particular stimulus and not others, we say that_________ exists.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus control refers to a situation in which a particular behavior is likely to occur in the presence of a specific stimulus or set of stimuli, but not others. In other words, the behavior is under the control of the specific stimulus. This is different from stimulus generalization, which refers to the tendency for a behavior learned in the presence of one stimulus to occur in the presence of other similar stimuli. Stimulus discrimination training is a process used to teach an individual to differentiate between two similar stimuli and respond only to one of them. Behavior persistence refers to the extent to which a behavior continues to occur over time.

Question 15

When the general setting alters the manner in which an individual responds to a particular stimulus, then has been demonstrated.

Accepted Answer

Contextual control refers to the way in which the environment or context can affect an individual's response to a particular stimulus. For example, a person may respond differently to a joke in a formal work setting versus in a casual social setting. This concept is important in understanding how behavior is not solely determined by individual traits or characteristics, but is also influenced by the situation in which it occurs.

Question 16

Humans often do not show decreased response rates and pauses in responding where animals typically do on certain schedules of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

It is true that humans often do not show decreased response rates and pauses in responding on certain schedules of reinforcement where animals typically do. This is due to the fact that humans have a greater ability to use cognitive strategies and engage in deliberate decision making when responding to the requirements of the task.

Question 17

An Out of Order sign on a vending machine is an SD for the response of putting in the money.

Accepted Answer

An Out of Order sign on a vending machine signals that it is not functioning properly, so putting in money would not be an appropriate response.

Question 18

As a result of learning to match a golf ball to a golf club, and a golf club to a golf bag, a child is now able to match a golf bag to a golf ball without specific training to do so.In this example, the golf ball, the golf club, and the golf bag constitute a(n):

Accepted Answer

The scenario describes a stimulus equivalence class, where the child can match stimuli (golf ball, club, and bag) without having to be explicitly trained on each pairing. This is indicative of the stimuli being part of an equivalence class, where certain stimuli come to evoke the same response as other stimuli in the set.

Question 19

A man walking toward a door with his arms full of purchases is typically an SD for another person to open the door for him.

Accepted Answer

In many cultures, it is considered polite for someone else to open the door for a person carrying many items. This is especially true if the person is a woman, elderly or anyone who may have difficulty opening the door with their arms full. This act of kindness is known as social deference.

Question 20

Reinforcing a response in the presence of a particular stimulus and extinguishing that response in the presence of some other stimulus is known as:

Accepted Answer

Stimulus discrimination training involves reinforcing a response in the presence of a particular stimulus and extinguishing that response in the presence of some other stimulus. The other options are not relevant to this scenario.

Quiz 31: Shaping and Schedules of Reinforcement: A Comprehensive Guide

When a particular behavior is likely to occur in the presence of a particular stimulus and not others, we say that stimulus generalization exists.