Question 1

The U.S. custom of putting young infants to sleep in a separate room from their parents seems to reflect which cultural values?

Accepted Answer

The U.S. custom of putting infants to sleep in a separate room from their parents reflects the cultural value of self-reliance and independence. This practice encourages infants to learn how to fall asleep and soothe themselves without relying on their parents' presence. It also promotes the idea that children should eventually be able to function independently, without needing constant attention and assistance from their parents.

Question 2

The term _____ refers to the tendency of infants to develop motor control from the center of their bodies outwards.

Accepted Answer

The proximodistal trend describes the pattern of development where infants gain control over their torso before their extremities, meaning motor skills develop from the center of the body outward.

Question 3

When parents are consistently warm and responsive to their infant, the infant is likely to develop a(n) _____ attachment tothe parents.

Accepted Answer

When parents are consistently warm and responsive to their infant, the infant is likely to develop a secure attachment to the parents. This means that the infant feels comfortable exploring the environment with the parent present, seeks comfort from the parent when stressed or upset, and trusts that the parent will meet their needs.

Question 4

The Culture and Human Behavior box, "Where Does the Baby Sleep?," described cultural differences in family sleeping habits. How did the bedtime routines in the Mayan families differ from the bedtime routines of the U.S. families?

Accepted Answer

Mayan families typically did not have special bedtime routines; children often went to bed when their parents did or fell asleep amidst family activities, unlike the structured bedtime routines common in U.S. families.

Question 5

According to attachment theory:

Accepted Answer

Attachment theory suggests that the quality of attachment between a caregiver and infant is crucial for the infant's physical and psychological well-being. The theory does not limit attachment to only the mother-infant relationship and acknowledges the ability of infants to form multiple attachment relationships.

Question 6

In regards to temperament, _____ infants react intensely to new experience, strangers, and novel objects.

Accepted Answer

High-reactive infants have a more reactive temperament and tend to react more intensely to new experiences, strangers, and novel objects. They may cry more easily and have difficulty adapting to change.

Question 7

Ever since she was a few weeks old, Shelly has been an unusually contented baby who slept and ate well and adapted easily to new experiences. A developmental psychologist would probably describe Shelly's temperament as being:

Accepted Answer

Shelly's contentedness, good sleeping and eating habits, and adaptability to new experiences all fit the description of an "easy" temperament.

Question 8

What general patterns have been discovered by cross-cultural researchers studying temperament?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What general patterns have been discovered by...

Question 9

According to the Culture and Human Behavior box, "Where Does the Baby Sleep?," Mayan parents practice co-sleeping because it is important to:

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the Culture and Human Behavior...

Question 10

According to developmental psychologist Jerome Kagan, high-reactive infants are likely to be:

Accepted Answer

According to Jerome Kagan, high-reactive infants have an inhibited temperament, meaning they are likely to be tense and fearful in new situations.

Question 11

According to developmental psychologist Jerome Kagan, a low-reactive infant:

Accepted Answer

According to Jerome Kagan, a low-reactive infant is more likely to show curiosity and interest than fear when exposed to new objects, people, or experiences. They are less inhibited and less likely to become upset or overwhelmed in new environments.

Question 12

Which of the following is the term used by psychologists to describe an infant's inborn predisposition to consistently behave and react in a particular way?

Accepted Answer

The term used by psychologists to describe an infant's inborn predisposition to consistently behave and react in a particular way is temperament. Choice B (personal style) and D (reactivity or reaction style) are not commonly used terms in relation to infant behavior. Choice C (attachment style) refers to the emotional bond that develops between an infant and their primary caregiver.

Question 13

In homes where both parents are present and have a close relationship to their infant, the infant tends to develop an attachment relationship to:

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that infants can develop attachment relationships with both parents at about the same time. In fact, having a close relationship with both parents can facilitate healthy social and emotional development for the child. It is important to note, however, that the quality of the relationship and the level of involvement of each parent can affect the nature and strength of the attachment relationship.

Question 14

According to research conducted by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, temperamental patterns:

Accepted Answer

According to the research conducted by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, temperamental patterns are remarkably stable throughout childhood, suggesting that they remain relatively consistent over time.

Question 15

The term proximodistal trend refers to the:

Accepted Answer

The proximodistal trend refers to the pattern of motor development in which infants gain control over their core muscles first and then gradually develop control over their arm and leg muscles, moving from the center of the body outward. This is reflected in infants' ability to sit up before they can crawl, and to crawl before they can walk.

Question 16

Janeen enters the playroom of the psychology lab with her 1-year-old daughter Peggy. Initially, Peggy clings to her mother,but then becomes interested in the attractive toys in the playroom. She picks up a toy and brings it back to her mother,then drops it and approaches the toy box again. Peggy cries when Janeen leaves the room, but quickly calms down again when her mother returns. Peggy would most likely be classified as:

Accepted Answer

Peggy's behavior indicates a secure attachment to her mother. She explores the playroom but returns to her mother for reassurance, and is able to calm down when her mother returns after leaving the room. This is a typical behavior for securely attached infants. The other options (B, C, and D) are not applicable in this scenario.

Question 17

Surveys of family sleeping arrangements in more than a hundred cultures around the world revealed that infants customarily slept in the same room or bed as their mothers in:

Accepted Answer

Surveys of family sleeping arrangements in more than a hundred cultures around the world revealed that infants customarily slept in the same room or bed as their mothers in the vast majority of cultures, which includes many countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. This is not just limited to the United States.

Question 18

In regards to temperament, about _____ of babies cannot be categorized as either easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up because they do not fit neatly into any of these categories.

Accepted Answer

According to research, about one-third of babies cannot be categorized as either easy, difficult or slow-to-warm-up because they exhibit a mix of behaviors that do not fit into any one temperament category.

Question 19

Teresa is a quiet child who has never been very active. She is good-natured and calm as long as her circumstances are familiar, but she is easily upset by changes in her environment.It takes her a long time to adapt to new food, new people, ornew surroundings. Teresa's temperament would probably be categorized as:

Accepted Answer

Teresa's characteristics, such as being quiet and easily upset by changes in her environment, are typical of a slow-to-warm-up temperament. This means that she takes a long time to warm up to new people, situations, or environments.

Question 20

Nicholas is just over a year old, but he is immensely curious about his surroundings. When his father takes Nicholas along to the grocery store or on other errands, Nicholas smiles and waves at the people they encounter and is quite fearless about being in a strange environment. In terms of Jerome Kagan's temperament classification system, Nicholas would probably be classified as:

Accepted Answer

According to Kagan's classification system, infants who are low-reactive are generally calm, unemotional, and not easily upset by new or unfamiliar situations. Nicholas's fearlessness and curiosity about his surroundings suggests that he is not easily disturbed by new experiences, which would make him a good fit for the low-reactive category.

Quiz 9: Lifespan Development