Question 1

Neuroscientist Eric Kandel won the Nobel Prize for his discovery that diseased neurons in the hippocampus are the cause of memory loss in Alzheimer's disease and other formsof dementia.

Accepted Answer

Eric Kandel won the Nobel Prize for his research on the biological mechanisms of learning and memory, particularly his work on the sea slug Aplysia, not specifically for discovering the cause of memory loss in Alzheimer's disease.

Question 2

In the fMRI study described in the Focus on Neuroscience,"Assembling Memories," the participants who had memorized the label "dog" with the sound of a dog barking showed a highlevel of activation in the auditory cortex when they retrieved the memory.

Accepted Answer

The article states that "when subjects retrieved the label "dog" paired with the sound of a dog barking, their auditory cortex showed a high level of activation." Therefore, the statement is true.

Question 3

Studies of H.M. and of patients with similar kinds of brain damage have demonstrated that the implicit and explicitmemory systems seem to involve different areas of the brain.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that different areas of the brain are involved in the implicit and explicit memory systems. Patients with brain damage, such as H.M., have demonstrated this through their inability to form new explicit memories while still being able to learn new skills through implicit memory.

Question 4

Eric Kandel's research with the sea snail Aplysia demonstrated that memory formation involves functional and structural changes in neurons.

Accepted Answer

Eric Kandel's research with the sea snail Aplysia did demonstrate that memory formation involves functional and structural changes in neurons.

Question 5

In the brain, complex memories are localized to one group of neurons in the frontal lobes.

Accepted Answer

Complex memories are not localized to one specific group of neurons in the frontal lobes. Memories are stored and retrieved through a complex network of interconnected neurons distributed throughout the brain.

Question 6

Brain-imaging studies have confirmed that performing acomplex memory task involves only a single region of the brain, the hippocampus.

Accepted Answer

Brain-imaging studies have shown that performing a complex memory task involves multiple regions of the brain, including the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and parietal cortex.

Question 7

There is no evidence for a specific memory function localized to one area of the brain.

Accepted Answer

Certain areas of the brain, such as the hippocampus, are known to be crucial for specific memory functions, like forming new memories.

Question 8

Brenda Milner and Suzanne Corkin are the psychologists who studied Henry Molaison (H.M.) extensively over the last 50years.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Brenda Milner was the first psychologist to study H.M. extensively in the 1950s, and Suzanne Corkin continued to research him for over 50 years.

Question 9

For long-term memories to become permanent and stable overtime, they must undergo a physical process called memory consolidation.

Accepted Answer

Memory consolidation is the process by which memories are strengthened and become more resistant to interference or decay over time. It involves the transfer and transformation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory, and the solidification of neural connections in the brain. This process can take hours to days or even weeks, depending on the type and complexity of the memory. Without consolidation, memories may be unstable and easily forgotten, or subject to distortions and errors.

Question 10

Forming new memories involves increasing the amount of neurotransmitters produced by the neurons in the memory circuit but not the number of synaptic connections.

Accepted Answer

Forming new memories involves both the strengthening of existing synaptic connections and the formation of new ones, not just an increase in neurotransmitter production.

Question 11

When Aplysia learns a simple, classically conditioned response,structural and functional changes in the three neuronsinvolved create a memory circuit that eventually becomes established as a long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

When Aplysia learns a simple, classically conditioned response, structural and functional changes in the three neurons involved create a memory circuit that eventually becomes established as a long-term memory.

Question 12

The most likely explanation for Ben's inability to rememberany details of the accident in which he received a bad concussion is that he had repressed the memories.

Accepted Answer

Repression is a controversial and not widely accepted explanation for memory loss. Ben's inability to remember details of the accident is more likely due to the concussion affecting his brain's ability to form or retrieve memories.

Question 13

Stimulants and stress hormones tend to disrupt memory consolidation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Stimulants and stress hormones tend to disrupt...

Question 14

From studies of other human patients with similar kinds of brain damage, it is clear that the memory impairments experienced by H.M. are highly unusual.

Accepted Answer

H.M.'s memory impairments are not highly unusual; they are consistent with what is observed in other patients with similar brain damage, particularly to the hippocampus, which affects the ability to form new memories.

Question 15

In the fMRI study described in the Focus on Neuroscience,"Assembling Memories," the act of perceiving a pictureactivated the visual cortex. However, the act of remembering the same picture activated the left prefrontal cortex, acompletely different brain area.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the fMRI study described in the...

Question 16

The anterograde amnesia experienced by H.M. was the result of surgery that removed H.M.'s hippocampus.

Accepted Answer

H.M.'s surgery removed parts of his hippocampus, causing him to experience severe anterograde amnesia.

Question 17

People who suffer from retrograde amnesia are unable to form new episodic memories.

Accepted Answer

Retrograde amnesia is a type of memory loss that typically affects old memories rather than new ones. People with retrograde amnesia may have difficulty recalling events that occurred before the onset of their amnesia, but can still form new memories.

Question 18

Some sensory neurons that are involved with the initialperception of a stimulus are later reactivated when the memory of the stimulus is recalled.

Accepted Answer

This process is known as sensory memory trace, in which sensory neurons that originally responded to a stimulus are reactivated during memory recall.

Question 19

A process called long-term potentiation strengthens the connections among neurons in a particular memory circuit,allowing them to communicate more easily.

Accepted Answer

Long-term potentiation is a well-studied process in neuroscience that involves the strengthening of synapses (communication points) between neurons in a particular neural circuit, leading to enhanced communication and more efficient processing of information.

Question 20

The fMRI study described in the Focus on Neuroscience,"Assembling Memories," showed that retrieving a sensorymemory reactivates the same sensory area of the cortex that was involved in the initial perception of the event.

Accepted Answer

The fMRI study revealed that retrieving a sensory memory reactivates the same sensory area of the cortex that was involved in the initial perception of the event.

Quiz 6: Memory