Question 1

Winecoff's research found that fMRI data showed that emotion regulation modulates the functional interaction between the
A) reticular formation and the amygdala.
B) vestibular sensory array and the amygdala.
C) thalamus and the amygdala.
D) prefrontal cortex and the amygdala.

Accepted Answer

Winecoff's research found that emotion regulation modulates the functional interaction between the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala, as shown by fMRI data.

Question 2

Which part of the brain shows less age-related deterioration?
A) Amygdala
B) Occipital
C) Parietal
D) Prefrontal

Accepted Answer

The amygdala, a region of the brain involved in processing emotions, shows less age-related deterioration compared to other areas such as the prefrontal cortex, which is associated with functions like decision making and self-control, and tends to decline more noticeably with age.

Question 3

It is now widely accepted that bilateral activation in the aging brain
A) may serve a functional and supportive role in cognitive functioning.
B) may be the result of chronic illnesses in the individual.
C) is evidence that older brains are more efficient.
D) is no different than what is observed in younger brains.

Accepted Answer

Bilateral activation in the aging brain has been found to serve a functional and supportive role in cognitive functioning by compensating for age-related declines in neural processing. This has been supported by numerous studies in the field of cognitive neuroscience.

Question 4

Why are the results from neurocorrelational studies considered speculative?
A) Because random sampling is not used
B) Because the measures used in these types of studies lack validity
C) Because we cannot be certain that the behavioral tests accurately assess the actual anatomical and functional activity of the brain region under investigation
D) Because correlational findings are more speculative than those acquired from experimental designs

Accepted Answer

Neurocorrelational studies involve correlating brain activity with behavioral measures, but we cannot be certain that these behavioral measures accurately reflect the underlying activity in the brain region being studied. Therefore, the results from neurocorrelational studies are considered speculative. Random sampling and validity of measures may also be important issues to consider, but they do not directly address why neurocorrelational results are considered speculative. Correlational findings, in general, are considered less conclusive than those from experimental designs, but this is not specific to neurocorrelational studies.

Question 5

One way researchers study how brain activation patterns among key structures operate is to study them in people with
A) known neurological disorders.
B) unknown neurological disorders.
C) very high intelligence.
D) no known relatives.

Accepted Answer

Researchers often study brain activation patterns among key structures in people with known neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease. This allows them to compare the brain activity and structure of those with known disorders to those without, which can help them better understand how these illnesses affect the brain.

Question 6

Which of the following approaches attempts to link measures of cognitive performance to measures of brain structure or functioning?
A) Neurocorrelational
B) Psychological
C) Neuropsychological
D) Neurobiosocial

Accepted Answer

The neurocorrelational approach attempts to link measures of cognitive performance to measures of brain structure or functioning. The psychological approach focuses on understanding mental processes and behavior without necessarily linking them to brain structure or function. The neuropsychological approach aims to understand how brain damage or dysfunction affects behavior and mental processes. The neurobiosocial approach integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding behavior and mental processes.

Question 7

Executive functions include all of the following EXCEPT
A) making plans.
B) monitoring internal temperature.
C) carrying out plans.
D) switching between tasks.

Accepted Answer

Executive functions are higher cognitive processes that involve setting goals, planning, organizing, initiating, inhibiting behavior, monitoring progress and correcting errors. Monitoring internal temperature is not a part of executive functions, as it is a physiological process regulated by the body.

Question 8

Neuroimaging has allowed us to
A) solve the nature-nuture controversy.
B) identify the causes of Alzheimer's disease.
C) see inside the brain of a living person to examine the structures of the brain.
D) examine one's genetic structure and predict which individuals will develop chronic diseases with age.

Accepted Answer

Neuroimaging techniques, such as fMRI and CT scans, allow researchers to see inside the brain of a living person and examine the structures and functions of the brain. This technology has greatly advanced our understanding of the brain and its role in behavior and cognitive processes. However, it does not solve the nature-nurture controversy, identify causes of Alzheimer's disease, or examine one's genetic structure.

Question 9

Most neuroscience research has focused on the
A) right axon.
B) brain stem.
C) cerebral cortex.
D) focal area.

Accepted Answer

The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain and is responsible for many of the brain's functions, including perception, movement, and decision-making. It is typically the primary focus of neuroscience research.

Question 10

Structural neuroimaging focuses on the of the brain.
A) blood flow
B) structure
C) development
D) function

Accepted Answer

Structural neuroimaging techniques such as MRI and CT scan provide detailed images of the brain's structure, including the size and shape of various brain regions and the presence of abnormalities like tumors or lesions. Blood flow (A) is measured by functional neuroimaging techniques like fMRI and PET scan, which capture changes in blood flow as an indication of brain activity. Development (C) concerns the growth and maturation of the brain over time and is usually studied through longitudinal studies or cross-sectional comparisons of different age groups. Function (D) involves measuring brain activity during specific tasks or resting states and is also typically done through functional neuroimaging techniques.

Question 11

Very little research has examined the specific underlying neural mechanisms of
A) emotion.
B) decision making.
C) neural transmission.
D) sensation.

Accepted Answer

The statement mentions that very little research has been conducted on the specific neural mechanisms of emotion, indicating that this is an area needing further study. Therefore, option A is the best choice. Option B is incorrect because there has been considerable research on the neural mechanisms of decision-making, including the involvement of the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia. Option C is too broad, as neural transmission encompasses a wide range of processes, from action potentials to synaptic plasticity. Option D is also too broad, as sensation can involve many different sensory modalities and neural pathways.

Question 12

Which area of neuroscience has revolutionized our understanding of the relationships between the brain and behavior?
A) Psychoanalytic theory
B) Social cognitive theory
C) Neuroimaging
D) Molecular anatomy

Accepted Answer

Neuroimaging has revolutionized our understanding of the relationships between the brain and behavior by allowing us to directly observe brain activity in real-time. Techniques such as fMRI, PET, and EEG have provided valuable insights into how different regions of the brain are involved in various behaviors and cognitive processes. While psychoanalytic theory, social cognitive theory, and molecular anatomy have all contributed to our understanding of the brain and behavior, neuroimaging has had the most significant impact in recent years.

Question 13

Which region of the brain is implicated in emotional processing?
A) Cerebellum
B) Sensorimotor area
C) Lateral cortex
D) Prefrontal cortex

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal cortex, specifically the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, is implicated in emotional processing. This region plays a crucial role in regulating emotional responses and decision-making based on emotions.

Question 14

is the neurotransmitter associated with higher-level cognitive functioning like inhibiting thoughts, attention, and planning.
A) Estrogen
B) Insulin
C) Cytosine
D) Dopamine

Accepted Answer

Dopamine is the neurotransmitter associated with higher-level cognitive functioning such as inhibiting thoughts, attention, and planning. It is also involved in the reward system of the brain, motivation, and movement. Estrogen is a hormone, not a neurotransmitter. Insulin is a hormone involved in regulating blood sugar. Cytosine is a nucleotide base found in DNA and RNA, not a neurotransmitter.

Question 15

The white matter area of the brain shows deterioration with increasing age. A neuroimaging method called assesses the rate and direction that water diffuses through the white matter.
A) fMRI
B) white matter hyperintensities
C) CT scan
D) diffusion tensor imaging

Accepted Answer

Diffusion tensor imaging is the only neuroimaging method listed that assesses the rate and direction of water diffusion through the white matter. This makes it the best choice for evaluating white matter deterioration with increasing age. fMRI measures changes in blood flow, white matter hyperintensities are visual abnormalities on MRI related to small vessel disease, and CT scans primarily detect structural changes in the brain.

Question 16

For adult development and aging research, the most important elements of the limbic system are the
A) prefrontal and frontal cortex.
B) corpus callosum and cerebellum.
C) corpus callosum and frontal cortex.
D) amygdala and hippocampus.

Accepted Answer

The amygdala and hippocampus are both critical components of the limbic system and are heavily involved in emotional processing, memory, and learning. These functions are particularly relevant to adult development and aging research, as changes in these areas can play a role in age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and other neurological disorders. While the prefrontal and frontal cortex, corpus callosum, and cerebellum are also important brain regions, they are not as directly relevant to the emotional and cognitive changes that occur during adulthood and aging.

Question 17

functioning includes processes such as the ability to control what one is thinking about at any one moment in time and the ability to focus on relevant information and eliminate irrelevant information.
A) Executive
B) Cognitive
C) Psychological
D) Conscious

Accepted Answer

Executive functioning refers to a set of mental skills that include working memory, flexible thinking, and self-control, which are crucial for controlling one's thoughts, focusing on relevant information, and filtering out irrelevant information.

Question 18

is a multifaceted concept that involves the changes in structure and function of the brain over time as the result of the interaction of the brain with the environment.
A) Plasticity
B) Neurality
C) Neuroscience
D) Neurofibrillation

Accepted Answer

Plasticity refers to the brain's ability to change in response to experiences and stimuli from the environment. This includes changes in the structure and function of the brain, such as the growth of new neural connections or the strengthening of existing ones. Plasticity is an important concept in neuroscience, and understanding it can help us better understand how the brain develops and adapts to different situations. Neither B) Neurality nor D) Neurofibrillation are recognized terms in neuroscience, and while C) Neuroscience is a related field, it does not specifically refer to the concept of brain plasticity.

Question 19

Key structural, or anatomical, features of the neuron include all the following EXCEPT
A) axons.
B) dendrites.
C) terminal branches.
D) synapses.

Accepted Answer

All of the other options - axons, dendrites, and terminal branches - are physical structures within the neuron itself. Synapses, on the other hand, are not part of the neuron's structure, but rather the gaps between neurons where neurotransmitters are released and received.

Question 20

Which approach compares the brain functioning of healthy older adults with adults displaying various pathological disorders of the brain?
A) Neurobiological
B) Bioneurosocial
C) Psychological
D) Neuropsychological

Accepted Answer

The approach that compares the brain functioning of healthy older adults with adults displaying various pathological disorders of the brain is called neuropsychological. This approach focuses on the relationship between brain function and behavior, and seeks to understand how different types of brain damage or dysfunction affect cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes. It involves the use of specialized tests and assessments to evaluate brain function and identify specific areas of cognitive impairment, and it can help inform the development of interventions and treatments for individuals with brain disorders.

Quiz 2: Neuroscience As a Basis for Adult Development

Winecoff's research found that fMRI data showed that emotion regulation modulates the functional interaction between the

Which part of the brain shows less age-related deterioration?

It is now widely accepted that bilateral activation in the aging brain

Why are the results from neurocorrelational studies considered speculative?

One way researchers study how brain activation patterns among key structures operate is to study them in people with

Which of the following approaches attempts to link measures of cognitive performance to measures of brain structure or functioning?

Executive functions include all of the following EXCEPT

Neuroimaging has allowed us to

Most neuroscience research has focused on the

Structural neuroimaging focuses on the of the brain.

Very little research has examined the specific underlying neural mechanisms of

Which area of neuroscience has revolutionized our understanding of the relationships between the brain and behavior?

Which region of the brain is implicated in emotional processing?

is the neurotransmitter associated with higher-level cognitive functioning like inhibiting thoughts, attention, and planning.

The white matter area of the brain shows deterioration with increasing age. A neuroimaging method called assesses the rate and direction that water diffuses through the white matter.

For adult development and aging research, the most important elements of the limbic system are the

functioning includes processes such as the ability to control what one is thinking about at any one moment in time and the ability to focus on relevant information and eliminate irrelevant information.

is a multifaceted concept that involves the changes in structure and function of the brain over time as the result of the interaction of the brain with the environment.

Key structural, or anatomical, features of the neuron include all the following EXCEPT

Which approach compares the brain functioning of healthy older adults with adults displaying various pathological disorders of the brain?