Question 1

Compensation is the brain's response to .

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compensation is the brain's response to .
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Question 2

The main point of functional brain imaging research is to establish how age-related deterioration in specific brain structures affects a person's ability to perform various tasks,

Accepted Answer

The answer of The main point of functional brain imaging...

Question 3

Older adults sometimes show reduced activation of appropriate prefrontal regions. At other times, they show the same or greater recruitment of these areas, when compared with younger adults, depending on the task they are doing. This indicates that prefrontal recruitment is

Accepted Answer

Older adults sometimes show reduced activation of appropriate prefrontal regions, but at other times they show the same or greater recruitment of these areas, depending on the task they are doing. This suggests that prefrontal recruitment is context dependent.

Question 4

The default network of the brain refers to the regions of the brain that are most when an individual is at rest and not involved in a cognitive task.

Accepted Answer

The default network is active when an individual is at rest and not involved in a cognitive task, therefore the correct option is C, "active".

Question 5

Research methods that focus on understanding age-related changes in the brain can help explain why certain __________ functions are preserved into old age.

Accepted Answer

Research methods that focus on understanding age-related changes in the brain can help explain why certain cognitive functions are preserved into old age.

Question 6

The P-FIT theory created by Jung and Haier (2007) was based upon

Accepted Answer

The P-FIT theory was created based on a meta-analysis of 37 research studies.

Question 7

The two neuroimaging techniques that are most often used provide

Accepted Answer

The two most often used neuroimaging techniques are Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). MRI provides detailed images of the anatomical features of the brain, while fMRI indicates brain activity by measuring changes in blood flow to different areas of the brain. Therefore, option A is the correct choice as it accurately describes both MRI and fMRI. Options B, C, and D do not accurately describe the two neuroimaging techniques that are most often used.

Question 8

Evidence has shown that the in frontal activity in older adults may be a response to the efficiency of neural processing related to the perceptual areas of the brain.

Accepted Answer

The sentence is stating that there is an increase in frontal activity in older adults, but this is actually a result of decreased efficiency of neural processing related to perceptual areas of the brain. Therefore, the best choice is D, which states an increase in frontal activity and a decrease in neural processing efficiency.

Question 9

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are linked to cerebrovascular diseases, which are preventable and can be treated with

Accepted Answer

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are linked to cerebrovascular diseases, which can be prevented and treated with medications and lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, controlling blood pressure, managing diabetes, and exercising regularly. Surgery is not typically used to treat cerebrovascular diseases, and cognitive-behavioral therapy, changes in diet, and hypnosis are not proven treatments for WMH.

Question 10

The compelling research regarding the effects of aerobic exercise and diet on the aging brain and how well it functions suggests which of the following old saying appears to be true?

Accepted Answer

The saying "Use it or lose it" suggests that if you do not use your brain, it may not function as well. The research regarding the effects of exercise and diet on the aging brain supports this idea, as it suggests that engaging in aerobic exercise and maintaining a healthy diet can improve cognitive function in older adults.

Question 11

The HAROLD model indicates that older brains recruit additional neural units to increase attentional resources, processing speed, or

Accepted Answer

The HAROLD (Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults) model suggests that as people age, there is a reduction in the typical asymmetry of brain function observed in younger individuals. This model indicates that older adults might recruit additional neural resources, particularly from the contralateral hemisphere, to compensate for age-related declines in cognitive function. The CRUNCH model (Compensation-Related Utilization of Neural Circuits Hypothesis) also describes how older adults may recruit additional brain regions to compensate for age-related declines, but it is the HAROLD model that specifically addresses the increase in bilateral brain activity as a compensatory mechanism.

Question 12

In grocery stores and on television, there is a trend toward marketing "brain foods" to the general public. These "brain foods" contain, which protect your cells from free radicals.

Accepted Answer

Antioxidants protect cells from damage caused by free radicals, which can contribute to the aging process and may play a role in the development of various diseases. Therefore, including "brain foods" that are rich in antioxidants in one's diet may help protect the brain and promote cognitive function. Omega-3 fats and B vitamins may also have some cognitive benefits, but antioxidants are a key nutrient for protecting cells from damage. Hormone replacements are not related to brain health or cognitive function.

Question 13

X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs are examples of

Accepted Answer

X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs are all types of structural neuroimaging, which provide images of the brain's structure and allow doctors to identify abnormalities or damage. Functional neuroimaging, on the other hand, provides information about brain activity and is typically used to study how the brain processes information during specific tasks or activities. Genetic imaging refers to techniques that examine an individual's genetic makeup, while nonnormative brain development relates to deviations from typical patterns of brain development.

Question 14

When a person accurately remembers negative high-arousal items, this corresponds to increased activation of the

Accepted Answer

The answer of When a person accurately remembers negative high-arousal...

Question 15

Structural brain changes have been linked to executive function. For example, age-related declines in may affect white matter structures, which underlie all the areas important to executive functioning.

Accepted Answer

Age-related declines in the functioning of blood vessels can affect white matter structures in the brain, which are crucial for executive functioning. This is because proper blood flow is essential for maintaining the health of brain tissues, including white matter.

Question 16

Which of the following is associated with neuroanatomy?

Accepted Answer

Neuroanatomy is the study of the structure and organization of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and neurons. It is concerned with how the brain is structured and how it functions, as well as how neurons are connected and how patterns of activity in the brain give rise to behavior and perception.

Question 17

SPECT and PET are examples of

Accepted Answer

SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) and PET (Positron Emission Tomography) are both functional neuroimaging techniques that measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow, oxygen consumption, and glucose metabolism. They are commonly used to study brain function in both healthy individuals and those with neurological disorders.

Question 18

The HAROLD model indicates that older brains recruit additional neural units to increase attentional resources, processing speed, or

Accepted Answer

The HAROLD model suggests that as we age, our brains compensate for declining cognitive abilities by recruiting additional neural units in regions like the prefrontal cortex. This recruitment of additional resources allows for greater inhibitory control and compensates for age-related declines in certain cognitive processes, such as attentional resources and processing speed.

Question 19

Donald is 71 years old and is more motivated to derive emotional meaning form life and to maintain positive feelings. Donald's feelings are characteristic of

Accepted Answer

The description of Donald's feelings being more focused on deriving emotional meaning and maintaining positive feelings fits with the positivity effect. The theory of mind effect refers to the ability to understand and attribute mental states to oneself and others, the Hayflick effect is a biological limit on the number of times cells can divide, and the dopaminergic effect refers to the influence of dopamine on brain function.

Question 20

Research has found that declines in the dopaminergic system are related to declines in memory and tasks.

Accepted Answer

The dopaminergic system is involved in episodic memory, which relates to remembering past events and experiences. Declines in the dopaminergic system are therefore likely to impact episodic memory tasks, specifically in terms of speed and efficiency in processing and recalling information. Therefore, option D (episodic; speed) is the most appropriate choice.

Quiz 2: Neuroscience As a Basis for Adult Development

Compensation is the brain's response to .

The main point of functional brain imaging research is to establish how age-related deterioration in specific brain structures affects a person's ability to perform various tasks,

Older adults sometimes show reduced activation of appropriate prefrontal regions. At other times, they show the same or greater recruitment of these areas, when compared with younger adults, depending on the task they are doing. This indicates that prefrontal recruitment is

The default network of the brain refers to the regions of the brain that are most when an individual is at rest and not involved in a cognitive task.

Research methods that focus on understanding age-related changes in the brain can help explain why certain __________ functions are preserved into old age.

The P-FIT theory created by Jung and Haier (2007) was based upon

The two neuroimaging techniques that are most often used provide

Evidence has shown that the in frontal activity in older adults may be a response to the efficiency of neural processing related to the perceptual areas of the brain.

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are linked to cerebrovascular diseases, which are preventable and can be treated with

The compelling research regarding the effects of aerobic exercise and diet on the aging brain and how well it functions suggests which of the following old saying appears to be true?

The HAROLD model indicates that older brains recruit additional neural units to increase attentional resources, processing speed, or

In grocery stores and on television, there is a trend toward marketing "brain foods" to the general public. These "brain foods" contain, which protect your cells from free radicals.

X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs are examples of

When a person accurately remembers negative high-arousal items, this corresponds to increased activation of the

Structural brain changes have been linked to executive function. For example, age-related declines in may affect white matter structures, which underlie all the areas important to executive functioning.

Which of the following is associated with neuroanatomy?

SPECT and PET are examples of

The HAROLD model indicates that older brains recruit additional neural units to increase attentional resources, processing speed, or

Donald is 71 years old and is more motivated to derive emotional meaning form life and to maintain positive feelings. Donald's feelings are characteristic of

Research has found that declines in the dopaminergic system are related to declines in memory and tasks.