Question 1

When a model forecasts characteristics of a disorder, this is referred to as ____.
A) construct validity
B) predictive validity
C) external validity
D) face validity

Accepted Answer

Predictive validity refers to the extent to which a score on a scale or test predicts future performance on some outcome measure. In the context of forecasting characteristics of a disorder, predictive validity would be the appropriate term, as it involves predicting aspects or outcomes related to the disorder based on the model's assessments.

Question 2

Dr. Lopez designs a clinical trial: • Group A will receive a placebo
• Group B will receive Drug X-low dose
• Group C will receive Drug X-high dose
• Blood pressure will be measured four times for each participant
This is an example of what type of study design?
A) One-arm design: only one physiological parameter is measured
B) Two-arm design: there are two main groups (placebo vs. drug)
C) Three-arm design: there are three groups total (placebo, low dose, high dose)
D) Four-arm design: the physiological parameter is measured four times

Accepted Answer

This is a three-arm design because there are three distinct groups being compared: a placebo group (Group A), a low dose drug group (Group B), and a high dose drug group (Group C).

Question 3

In a correlational study, the independent variable is ____.
A) not altered and the relationship between variables is inferred
B) altered and the relationship between variables is inferred
C) not altered and a causal relationship between variables is established
D) altered and a causal relationship between variables is established

Accepted Answer

In a correlational study, the independent variable is not manipulated or altered by the researcher. Instead, the study focuses on observing and inferring the relationship between variables as they naturally occur.

Question 4

What is the purpose of performing an open-label study?
A) Withholding treatment may be unethical.
B) Feedback from study participants is important.
C) Researchers must know which patients receive which treatment.
D) Informed consent is only possible with open-label studies.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the purpose of performing an...

Question 5

When a model appears similar to a disorder, this is referred to as ____.
A) construct validity
B) predictive validity
C) internal validity
D) face validity

Accepted Answer

When a model appears similar to a disorder, it is referred to as face validity. This means the model looks like what it is intended to represent on the surface level.

Question 6

The ability to extend findings beyond experimental conditions is referred to as ____.
A) external validity
B) internal validity
C) construct validity
D) face validity

Accepted Answer

External validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized or extended to other situations, settings, populations, or time periods beyond the specific conditions of the original experiment.

Question 7

Which is the best example of a control group?
A) Study participants are given a dose of Drug X thought to have no physiological effects.
B) As a research participant, Ted unknowingly receives a placebo.
C) Allan administers the drug Calmix, but only conducts a toxicological profile of his subjects.
D) Chantal receives a high dose of the drug PhaseOut, but she feels no effects of the drug.

Accepted Answer

A control group in an experiment is a group that does not receive the experimental treatment and is used as a benchmark to measure how the other tested subjects do. In this case, Ted receiving a placebo represents the best example of a control group because a placebo is a substance with no therapeutic effect, used as a control in testing new drugs.

Question 8

In an experimental study, the independent variable is ____.
A) not altered and the relationship between variables is inferred
B) altered and the relationship between variables is inferred
C) not altered and a causal relationship between variables is established
D) altered and a causal relationship between variables is established

Accepted Answer

In an experimental study, the independent variable is deliberately manipulated or altered by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable, allowing for the establishment of a causal relationship between variables.

Question 9

Independent variables are study conditions that ____.
A) affect the dependent variable
B) provide measurement standards
C) cause confounding variables
D) skew the results of a study

Accepted Answer

Independent variables are the conditions or factors that are manipulated by the researcher to determine their effects on the dependent variable.

Question 10

Experimental ____ addresses the quality of an experimental study.
A) precision
B) control
C) validity
D) reliability

Accepted Answer

Experimental validity addresses the quality of an experimental study by ensuring that the study accurately reflects what it aims to measure or test, free from biases and errors.

Question 11

The adequacy of controlling variables that may obscure study results and reliability is referred to as ____.
A) external validity
B) face validity
C) predictive validity
D) internal validity

Accepted Answer

Internal validity refers to the extent to which a study can rule out alternative explanations for its findings, ensuring that the results are due to the variables being studied and not other factors.

Question 12

When a model contains mechanisms related to those of a disorder, this is referred to as ____.
A) construct validity
B) predictive validity
C) external validity
D) face validity

Accepted Answer

Construct validity refers to the degree to which a test measures what it claims, or purports, to be measuring. In the context of models of disorders, if a model contains mechanisms that are related to those of the disorder it aims to represent, it is said to have construct validity because it accurately reflects the theoretical constructs of the disorder.

Question 13

Dr. Sternberg publishes a research manuscript entitled: The novel drug BrainIx is highly effective in protecting brain cells grown in isolation. As an expert in drug studies, you recommend that Dr. Sternberg ____.
A) apply to the FDA to study BrainIx in humans
B) study BrainIx in an animal model
C) study BrainIx using a computer simulation
D) ignore his findings with BrainIx because cell models are not useful

Accepted Answer

Before applying to study a new drug in humans, it's crucial to test its efficacy and safety in an animal model. This step follows initial success in isolated cell studies and precedes human trials, providing essential data on the drug's behavior in a more complex biological system.

Question 14

What is a limitation of using human subjects for psychopharmacology research?
A) Invasive measures are not possible.
B) The research is not cost effective.
C) The research is too time consuming.
D) Human populations are typically homogenous.

Accepted Answer

Invasive measures are not possible with human subjects due to ethical concerns, limiting the scope of certain types of research.

Question 15

Medical advances rely on animal research for three major reasons: ____.
A) lack of feasible alternatives; high predictive value; diversity of animal populations
B) lack of feasible alternatives; diversity of animal populations; drug assessment in controlled environment
C) high predictive value; lack of feasible alternatives; drug assessment in controlled environment
D) diversity of animal populations; high predictive value; drug assessment in controlled environment

Accepted Answer

Animal research is crucial due to the lack of feasible alternatives for complex biological systems, the high predictive value for human responses, and the ability to assess drugs in a controlled environment.

Question 16

Dependent variables are ____ by researchers.
A) masked
B) manipulated
C) assigned
D) measured

Accepted Answer

Dependent variables are measured by researchers to assess the effect of changes in the independent variable.

Question 17

Before receiving her second clinical trial treatment, study participant Sheila asks the clinical trial nurse, "What type of drug am I receiving?" The nurse responds, "Although I do have this information, for purposes of the study I cannot provide it." This is an example of a(n) ____.
A) single-blind procedure
B) double-blind procedure
C) open-label study
D) concealed-label study

Accepted Answer

In a single-blind procedure, the participant is not aware of which treatment they are receiving, but the researchers do know. This is to prevent bias in the participants' reporting of symptoms or outcomes.

Question 18

Which is the best example of a subjective effect of a drug?
A) Drug W causes Louis's heart rate to increase.
B) Drug X alleviates Amber's fever.
C) Drug Y causes Pedro to feel disoriented.
D) Drug Z causes Fiona's pupils to dilate.

Accepted Answer

Subjective effects of drugs are those that are experienced internally and may vary from person to person. Feeling disoriented is a subjective experience because it is based on Pedro's personal perception and cannot be directly measured or observed by others.

Question 19

Which agency enforces polices of the Public Health Service?
A) U.S. Department of Agriculture
B) Food and Drug Administration
C) Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare
D) National Research Council

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which agency enforces polices of the Public...

Question 20

The USDA enforces regulations in the ____ Act.
A) Laboratory Safety
B) Rights for Animal Protection
C) Ethical Research Practices
D) Animal Welfare

Accepted Answer

The USDA enforces regulations in the Animal Welfare Act, which is designed to ensure that animals used in research, for exhibition, and in the pet trade are cared for humanely.

Quiz 1: Introduction to Psychopharmacology

When a model forecasts characteristics of a disorder, this is referred to as ____.

Dr. Lopez designs a clinical trial: • Group A will receive a placebo • Group B will receive Drug X-low dose • Group C will receive Drug X-high dose • Blood pressure will be measured four times for each participant This is an example of what type of study design?

In a correlational study, the independent variable is ____.

What is the purpose of performing an open-label study?

When a model appears similar to a disorder, this is referred to as ____.

The ability to extend findings beyond experimental conditions is referred to as ____.

Which is the best example of a control group?

In an experimental study, the independent variable is ____.

Independent variables are study conditions that ____.

Experimental ____ addresses the quality of an experimental study.

The adequacy of controlling variables that may obscure study results and reliability is referred to as ____.

When a model contains mechanisms related to those of a disorder, this is referred to as ____.

Dr. Sternberg publishes a research manuscript entitled: The novel drug BrainIx is highly effective in protecting brain cells grown in isolation. As an expert in drug studies, you recommend that Dr. Sternberg ____.

What is a limitation of using human subjects for psychopharmacology research?

Medical advances rely on animal research for three major reasons: ____.

Dependent variables are ____ by researchers.

Before receiving her second clinical trial treatment, study participant Sheila asks the clinical trial nurse, "What type of drug am I receiving?" The nurse responds, "Although I do have this information, for purposes of the study I cannot provide it." This is an example of a(n) ____.

Which is the best example of a subjective effect of a drug?

Which agency enforces polices of the Public Health Service?

The USDA enforces regulations in the ____ Act.