Question 1

Monozygotic is to ________ as dizygotic is to ________.

Accepted Answer

Monozygotic twins come from the same fertilized egg and are genetically identical, while dizygotic twins come from two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm and are no more genetically similar than any other siblings. Therefore, monozygotic twins are known as identical twins and dizygotic twins are known as fraternal twins.

Question 2

Which of the following properties is widely accepted with regard to the relationship between genes and behaviors?

Accepted Answer

The widely accepted property is that heredity and environment interact dynamically throughout development. It is not true that genes break down as we age or that environmental influences make children within a family very similar to each other. While it is true that genes cannot influence the kind of environment a person is exposed to, this is not a widely accepted property as it is well established that genes interact with the environment in complex ways.

Question 3

Despite the fact that a human female has a normal pregnancy duration (or gestational period) of 38 weeks, people often refer to pregnancy as a 40-week event. Why is this?

Accepted Answer

Pregnancy is typically measured from the date of the woman's last menstrual period, which is about two weeks before conception occurs. Therefore, a pregnancy that lasts 38 weeks from conception is considered to be a 40-week pregnancy from the last menstrual period.

Question 4

Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

The correct order of the stages of pregnancy is the period of the zygote (which lasts for the first two weeks), period of the embryo (which lasts from the third week to the eighth week), and period of the fetus (which lasts from the ninth week until birth). Choice B correctly lists the stages in this order.

Question 5

Jack and Jill are twins. Because he is a boy, Jack's parents encourage him to run. However, they discourage Jill from engaging in athletic activity. As a result, Jack is much faster at running up a hill than Jill. The difference in Jack and Jill's behavior is best explained by

Accepted Answer

The difference in Jack and Jill's behavior is best explained by nonshared environmental influences, which refer to the environmental factors that are not shared between siblings and can lead to differences in their behaviors and personalities. In this case, the parents' differential treatment based on gender is a nonshared environmental influence that affects Jack and Jill differently.

Question 6

The time between conception and birth is called the ________ period.

Accepted Answer

The time between conception and birth is referred to as the prenatal period. This is the time during which the fetus develops in the womb.

Question 7

The fact that a person with phenylketonuria can essentially mute the effects of their disease by controlling their dietary intake of a specific amino acid is an example of which of the following principles?

Accepted Answer

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder that affects how the body processes the amino acid phenylalanine. By controlling dietary intake of phenylalanine, individuals with PKU can manage the effects of their condition, illustrating the dynamic interaction between heredity (the genetic disorder) and the environment (dietary intake).

Question 8

Which of the following structures eventually develops into a baby?

Accepted Answer

The germ disc eventually develops into the embryo, which then develops into a baby. It is a small collection of cells within the blastocyst that differentiates into all the tissues and organs of the body.

Question 9

Jeanette and her husband Eric have recently engaged in sexual intercourse. After this activity was completed, an egg in Jeanette's Fallopian tube was fertilized by a sperm cell that was released by Eric. The result is a(n) ________, which marks the beginning of pregnancy.

Accepted Answer

A zygote is formed when the sperm cell fertilizes the egg in the Fallopian tube. This marks the beginning of pregnancy. The zygote then undergoes numerous cell divisions and becomes a blastocyst, which implants in the uterine wall and eventually develops into an embryo and then a fetus.

Question 10

Marvin has an exceptional amount of skill in athletics. Specifically, he is an extraordinary hockey player. Throughout his life he has chosen circumstances where he would be exposed to peers who also enjoyed hockey, and this has helped him develop opportunities to develop his talent. Marvin has been engaging in

Accepted Answer

Marvin's deliberate choice to be in environments where he can enjoy hockey and develop his talent is an example of niche-picking, which is the process of actively seeking and choosing environments that are compatible with one's genotype or interests.

Question 11

Although identical twins share 100% of their genetic code and are often similar, they are never truly "identical." Which of the following explains these differences?

Accepted Answer

Nonshared environmental influences, such as differences in experiences and interactions, can lead to variations in behavior, personality, and physical traits between identical twins.

Question 12

Larry and Ira are brothers who are two years apart in age. Larry went to one public school for his grade school years, but before Ira could go to that school the district underwent a rezoning. Ira, therefore, ended up going to a different school with less-qualified teachers and fewer resources. As a result, Larry tended to perform much better in school than Ira did. This example demonstrates the influence of

Accepted Answer

The difference in school quality that Larry and Ira experienced was a nonshared environmental influence, meaning it was an experience that was unique to one individual and not shared with the other. This is demonstrated by the fact that one brother had access to better resources and teachers while the other did not. The other options do not fully explain the scenario, as there is no evidence of active gene-environment relationships, niche-picking, or asynchronous environmental genotypes.

Question 13

Once a zygote implants itself in the uterine lining, it officially becomes a(n) ________.

Accepted Answer

Once a zygote implants itself in the uterine lining, it officially becomes an embryo. The term "baby" is too general, as it can refer to a child of any age. "Fetus" is a later stage of development that occurs after the embryo has undergone certain key developments. "Germ disc" is an outdated term that is no longer used.

Question 14

Pregnant Patty's body is currently experiencing the event that triggers hormonal changes that will prevent further menstruation. This event is called

Accepted Answer

Implantation is the event that triggers hormonal changes, specifically the production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which signals the body to stop menstruation. Conception refers to the fertilization of an egg by sperm, dilation and effacement are related to the process of childbirth and not relevant to the question.

Question 15

The concept that genotypes are not the only things that control traits involves the fact that

Accepted Answer

The fact that each genotype can produce a variety of phenotypes depending on the environment in which a person lives indicates that genotypes are not the only things that control traits. This concept is known as gene-environment interaction. The other options (A, C, and D) do not accurately reflect this concept.

Question 16

Out of the 200-500 million sperm cells that are released during an ejaculation, only ________ complete the short journey up the Fallopian tubes to where an egg is waiting to be fertilized.

Accepted Answer

Only a few hundred sperm cells complete the short journey up the Fallopian tubes to where an egg is waiting to be fertilized.

Question 17

Which of the following circumstances would indicate the greatest level of heritability of a trait?

Accepted Answer

The fact that Mario's personality test results are more similar to his biological parents than his adopted parents suggests that there is a strong genetic component to personality, indicating high heritability. This is a stronger indication of heritability than the other options, as they do not necessarily reflect a strong genetic influence.

Question 18

________ refers to the process of deliberately seeking environments that fit one's heredity.

Accepted Answer

Niche-picking refers to the process of deliberately seeking environments that fit one's heredity. Choice B) Context-selection is not a commonly used term in psychology. Choice C) Base-rating is not related to this concept. Choice D) Polygenic inheritance refers to the inheritance of traits that are controlled by multiple genes.

Question 19

Lucy is currently expecting her first child, and she is talking to her friend Dale, who does not have any children of his own. Dale knows very little about human development, and asks Lucy how the food she eats gets to the developing child. Lucy smiles and shakes her head, before saying,

Accepted Answer

The placenta is a structure that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and helps to provide nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus. It also helps to remove waste products from the fetus's blood. This is the most accurate and detailed explanation of how food gets to the developing child during pregnancy.

Question 20

Brad and Angelina take their daughter Anniston to the zoo, and are looking at a bunch of different animals. Anniston, who has recently been learning about human development, sees a ________ and says, "Mommy, Daddy! That looks just like a human embryo in its third week of development!"

Accepted Answer

A salamander embryo in its third week of development does look similar to a human embryo in its third week of development, with similar features such as gill arches and a tail. The other animals listed do not resemble a human embryo in this way.

Quiz 2: Biological Foundations: Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth

Monozygotic is to as dizygotic is to .