Question 1

The fact that the last number name differs from the previous ones in a counting sequence by denoting the number of objects is called the ________ principle.
A) nominal-ordinal-interval
B) stable-order
C) one-to-one
D) cardinality

Accepted Answer

This principle is called cardinality, which refers to the understanding that the last number name in a counting sequence represents the total quantity of objects being counted. Options A and B are incorrect, as the nominal-ordinal-interval principle refers to the understanding of the names of numbers and their order, while the stable-order principle refers to the idea that numbers are always counted in a specific order. Option C is incorrect, as the one-to-one principle refers to the understanding that one and only one number name is assigned to each object counted.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT offered by your authors as a method to help increase a preschool child's ability to provide reliable testimony?
A) Ask children to describe the event(s) in question in their own words.
B) Encourage children to tell the truth and to feel free to say, "I don't know."
C) Give children some time after the event has occurred so that they can reduce their emotional reaction and remember things more rationally.
D) Ask questions that consider alternative explanations of the event.

Accepted Answer

Allowing time after the event may not help as it can lead to memory decay or distortion, rather than improving reliability.

Question 3

Which two parts of the brain are responsible for the initial storage of information?
A) the amygdala and the hippocampus
B) the hypothalamus and the medulla
C) the pons and the reticular activating system
D) the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum

Accepted Answer

The amygdala and the hippocampus are both part of the limbic system and are responsible for the initial storage of information, particularly related to emotions and memories. The hypothalamus and medulla are primarily involved in regulating bodily functions like breathing and heart rate. The pons and reticular activating system are involved in arousal and attention. The cerebral cortex is responsible for higher-level processing and the cerebellum is primarily involved in motor coordination.

Question 4

By the age of ________ years, most youngsters can apply the basic principles of counting to as many as nine objects, even though they may still make some mistakes.
A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9

Accepted Answer

According to developmental psychology research, by the age of 5 years, most children can apply the basic principles of counting to as many as nine objects, even though they may still make some mistakes.

Question 5

Five-year-old Jonah likes to play a scrabble-like game on the family computer. He plays against other family members, and usually does pretty well. When he gets a list of letter tiles that are too difficult for him to use, he asks his mother and father for help. The difference between letter tiles that Jonah can use and letter tiles with which he needs help typifies what Vygotsky called the zone of ________ development.
A) assisted
B) distal
C) proximal
D) located

Accepted Answer

According to Vygotsky, the zone of proximal development is the difference between what a learner can do without assistance and what they can do with assistance. In this case, Jonah can use certain letter tiles on his own, but requires help with others, which falls within his zone of proximal development.

Question 6

Memories that help people construct their life history and create socially shared memories are
A) eidetic memories.
B) autobiographical memories.
C) semantic memories.
D) procedural memories.

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memories are the memories that help people construct their life history and create socially shared memories. These memories are specific to the individual and involve personal experiences and events. Eidetic memories refer to photographic or near-perfect memories, while semantic memories involve general knowledge and facts. Procedural memories are related to skills and muscle memory.

Question 7

Research has found that when parents use a(n) ________ style in communicating with their children they will have earlier memories of childhood when they reach adolescence.
A) measured
B) formal
C) idiomatic
D) conversational

Accepted Answer

Research has found that when parents use a conversational style in communicating with their children, they will have earlier memories of childhood when they reach adolescence. This is because a conversational style creates a warm and responsive environment that encourages children to share their thoughts and feelings leading to increased attachment and connection with parents. As a result, children are more likely to remember these positive experiences, which creates earlier memories of childhood.

Question 8

In Vygotsky's theory, the difference between what a child can do on his or her own and what they can do only with assistance is called the
A) zone of proximal development.
B) scaffolded skill set.
C) continuum of concrete operations.
D) opposing skills set.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's theory includes the concept of the zone of proximal development, which refers to the difference between a child's actual developmental level and their potential development with the assistance of a more knowledgeable other. This concept suggests that children learn best when they are challenged with tasks that are just beyond their current abilities, but with appropriate support and guidance, they can successfully complete the task and further develop their skills.

Question 9

Russian psychologist ________ proposed the idea that development in childhood is an apprenticeship in which children advance when they collaborate with more-skilled others.
A) Alexander Zaporozhets
B) Aleksey Leontyev
C) Ivan Pavlov
D) Lev Vygotsky

Accepted Answer

Lev Vygotsky developed the sociocultural theory, which proposes that children learn and develop through their interactions with more experienced individuals in their environment. He emphasized the importance of social interactions, language, and cultural context in cognitive development. He referred to this process as the "zone of proximal development," which is the range between a child's current level of independent ability and the level of potential development through problem-solving with the guidance of a more knowledgeable other.

Question 10

Collette is sitting with her young son Jim, and has placed five different color jellybeans in front of him. Jim starts to count the beans, and as he points to each one says, "one, one, one, one, one!" He then looks up at Collette and smiles. Jim clearly has not yet mastered the
A) stable-order principle.
B) one-to-one principle.
C) cardinality principle.
D) universality principle.

Accepted Answer

Jim has not yet mastered the one-to-one principle, which involves understanding that each object should be counted only once and have a corresponding number word. In this case, Jim is saying "one" five times as he points to each bean, indicating that he may not understand this principle yet.

Question 11

A memory for some significant life event is called a(n) ____ memory.
A) autobiographical
B) general knowledge
C) intonation
D) semantic

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memory refers to memory for significant events or experiences in one's own life, such as a graduation or a first date. General knowledge memory refers to memory for non-personal information, such as facts or concepts. Intonation refers to the rise and fall of pitch in speech. Semantic memory refers to memory for general knowledge about the world, including facts, concepts, and language.

Question 12

Your textbook notes that one of the difficulties associated with children providing reliable testimony about events that have occurred, particularly in cases of alleged abuse, because
A) children at this age have not yet developed a hippocampus to allow for storage of new memories.
B) children at this age are particularly suggestible.
C) children at this age have not yet developed an amygdala to allow for storage of new memories.
D) children at this age are overly skilled at monitoring the sources of information.

Accepted Answer

Children at this age are particularly suggestible, meaning they are highly influenced by outside suggestions and can be easily led to make false statements or affirm things that did not occur. This makes it difficult for them to provide reliable testimony, especially in cases of alleged abuse where there may be pressure for them to provide a certain response. The other answer choices listed are not accurate; children do develop a hippocampus and amygdala at a young age, and being overly skilled at monitoring sources of information is not typically a problem for children.

Question 13

How did Piaget and Vygotsky view the "journey" of cognitive development?
A) Both saw children as making the journey alone.
B) Piaget saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others, while Vygotsky saw children as making the journey alone.
C) Vygotsky saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others, while Piaget saw children as making the journey alone.
D) Both saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others.

Accepted Answer

Piaget saw cognitive development as a self-driven process where children construct their own understanding of the world through their interactions and experiences. On the other hand, Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a collaborative process, where children learn through interactions with others and the guidance and support of more skilled individuals. Thus, Vygotsky believed that learning was a social process and that children needed the support of adults and peers to advance their cognitive abilities.

Question 14

________ is when a teacher gauges the amount of assistance they provide to match the needs of a specific learner.
A) Centration
B) Proximity
C) Apprenticing
D) Scaffolding

Accepted Answer

Scaffolding is the process by which a teacher provides the appropriate level of support and assistance to a learner so that they are able to accomplish a task or master a skill. The teacher gauges the amount of assistance needed by the learner and adjusts their support accordingly. This helps the learner progress towards independence and mastery of the task or skill.

Question 15

According to the theory of Fivush (2011), autobiographical memory is based upon three memory skills. They include all but which of the following?
A) language skills
B) sense of self
C) processing skills
D) memory skills

Accepted Answer

The three memory skills identified by Fivush (2011) are language skills, sense of self, and memory skills. Processing skills are not identified as one of the three key memory skills in the theory.

Question 16

By about ________ months of age, a child can distinguish two objects from three and three objects from four.
A) five
B) seven
C) nine
D) twelve

Accepted Answer

The answer of By about ________ months of age, a...

Question 17

With regard to the memories of young babies, which of the following is the MOST accurate statement?
A) Young babies remember where their toys have been left, and will search in those locations.
B) There is evidence that young babies, as early as 2 weeks of age, can remember their own names.
C) Other than the scent of their own mothers, young babies demonstrate no significant memory skills.
D) Young babies remember events for days, or even weeks.

Accepted Answer

Young babies have been found to have some memory skills, including the ability to remember events for days or even weeks. However, they may not have fully developed memories for more complex concepts such as object permanence or personal identity. Therefore, option D is the most accurate statement. Option A is partially true as babies may remember where their toys have been left, but this memory is not necessarily consistent. Option B is not completely accurate, as research suggests that babies as young as 4 months may be able to recognize their own names, but not necessarily remember them. Option C is incorrect, as young babies do have some memory skills beyond just the scent of their mothers.

Question 18

Eleven-month-old Oreo loves cookies. One day he sees his mother putting cookies into cups for a party. As he is watching, his mom puts one cookie into the first two cups, two cookies into the next two cups, and three cookies into the last two cups. If Oreo is a normally developing 10-month-old who likes cookies, he would most likely reach for
A) a cup located nearest his left hand.
B) the first cup in which he saw a cookie being placed.
C) a cup with three cookies.
D) the darkest-colored cup.

Accepted Answer

Oreo loves cookies, so he would most likely reach for a cup with the most cookies, which in this case is the last two cups with three cookies each.

Question 19

The idea that number names must be counted in the same sequence, without change, defines the ________.
A) stable-order principle
B) one-to-one principle
C) cardinality principle
D) universality principle

Accepted Answer

The stable-order principle states that number names must be counted in the same sequence, without change. This principle is important for children to learn the concept of number sequence and develop counting skills accurately. The one-to-one principle refers to the understanding that each object or person being counted corresponds to one number word. The cardinality principle refers to the understanding that the last number counted represents the quantity of the set. The universality principle refers to the understanding that numbers and counting are universal concepts across different cultures and languages.

Question 20

"Daddy, can you help me get dressed?" Boris asked his father. "Nope, you can do it by yourself," his father said. From Vygotsky's theory, Borris's father is using ________ when he does not give his son help on skills that his son has already mastered.
A) concrete schemes
B) the zone of proximal development
C) scaffolding
D) the principle of cardinality

Accepted Answer

Scaffolding refers to the support given to a child that is gradually removed as they become more competent, which is what Boris's father is doing by not helping with a task Boris has already mastered.

Quiz 4: The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood

The fact that the last number name differs from the previous ones in a counting sequence by denoting the number of objects is called the ________ principle.

Which of the following is NOT offered by your authors as a method to help increase a preschool child's ability to provide reliable testimony?

Which two parts of the brain are responsible for the initial storage of information?

By the age of ________ years, most youngsters can apply the basic principles of counting to as many as nine objects, even though they may still make some mistakes.

Memories that help people construct their life history and create socially shared memories are

Research has found that when parents use a(n) ________ style in communicating with their children they will have earlier memories of childhood when they reach adolescence.

In Vygotsky's theory, the difference between what a child can do on his or her own and what they can do only with assistance is called the

Russian psychologist ________ proposed the idea that development in childhood is an apprenticeship in which children advance when they collaborate with more-skilled others.

Collette is sitting with her young son Jim, and has placed five different color jellybeans in front of him. Jim starts to count the beans, and as he points to each one says, "one, one, one, one, one!" He then looks up at Collette and smiles. Jim clearly has not yet mastered the

A memory for some significant life event is called a(n) ____ memory.

Your textbook notes that one of the difficulties associated with children providing reliable testimony about events that have occurred, particularly in cases of alleged abuse, because

How did Piaget and Vygotsky view the "journey" of cognitive development?

________ is when a teacher gauges the amount of assistance they provide to match the needs of a specific learner.

According to the theory of Fivush (2011) , autobiographical memory is based upon three memory skills. They include all but which of the following?

By about ________ months of age, a child can distinguish two objects from three and three objects from four.

With regard to the memories of young babies, which of the following is the MOST accurate statement?

The idea that number names must be counted in the same sequence, without change, defines the ________.

"Daddy, can you help me get dressed?" Boris asked his father. "Nope, you can do it by yourself," his father said. From Vygotsky's theory, Borris's father is using ________ when he does not give his son help on skills that his son has already mastered.