Question 1

The statement, "Nothing in life can be known for certain" is most likely to be uttered by someone at the _____ stage of reflective judgment.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The statement, "Nothing in life can be...

Question 2

Angel and Jolie are having a discussion about the politics of stem-cell research. Angel feels that it should be actively pursued in order to discover the cures to many medical conditions, while Jolie feels that stem cells should not be used to further human medical knowledge. If Angel says, "Well, you have the right to your own position, even if we disagree," she would be demonstrating that she is at the ________ stage of reflective judgment.

Accepted Answer

The fifth stage of reflective judgment, also known as "evaluative reasoning," is characterized by the ability to recognize the legitimacy of different perspectives and to understand that knowledge and truth are often relative and contextual. Angel's response demonstrates this ability by acknowledging Jolie's right to her own opinion even though it differs from her own.

Question 3

Steve is on a first date with Nora. They are getting along well, when Nora suddenly hits Steve with a very deep question. "Where do you see yourself in 10 years, Steve?" she asks. Steve nearly chokes on his coffee, as he was just thinking about whether he'd get a goodnight kiss in an hour, not what he'd be doing in a decade. Nora has asked Steve to consider his ________.

Accepted Answer

Nora has asked Steve to consider his possible selves, which refers to the various versions of himself that he could become in the future. This question prompts him to think about his long-term goals, aspirations, and identity, which are all important components of the possible selves concept. Option B (ideal selves) is not the best choice because Nora has not specifically asked Steve about his idealized version of himself; she is asking about his general vision of the future. Option C (personal fable) is not the best choice because this concept refers to adolescents' belief that they are unique and invincible, and it does not apply to Steve's situation. Option D (life story) is not the best choice because Nora has not asked Steve about his past experiences or narrative, but rather about his future plans.

Question 4

Gabby is getting ready to compete in an Olympic gymnastics event. She is asked by a reporter if she is very nervous, and she says, "How I do is completely up to me right now, so if I did enough work and prepared properly I will be just fine." Gabby's statement reflects a high sense of ________.

Accepted Answer

Gabby's statement reflects a belief in personal control, meaning she believes that the outcome of her performance is dependent on her own efforts and preparation rather than external factors beyond her control.

Question 5

The belief that "marriage is more important than a career" is most prevalent among which age group?

Accepted Answer

Older adults, especially those from traditional cultural backgrounds, often hold the belief that marriage and family are the most important aspects of life, and that career and work should be secondary. This belief may stem from cultural or religious values, life experiences, and social norms. Young adults, on the other hand, are generally more focused on building their careers and personal development before settling down into marriage and family life. Children and adolescents are not typically asked or surveyed about their beliefs regarding marriage and career.

Question 6

During adolescence, Erikson suggested that we formulate our identity. As adults, we have a formulated view of ourselves. Which of the following links these two phenomena?

Accepted Answer

The life-span construct refers to a person's unified sense of the past, present, and future. Erikson believed that adolescence is a period of identity development, during which individuals formulate a sense of who they are and who they want to become. This process contributes to the development of the life-span construct, which continues to evolve and shape a person's self-concept throughout adulthood. Therefore, the life-span construct links the formulation of identity during adolescence to the formulated view of oneself in adulthood.

Question 7

The idea that a person's identity can only be understood by considering where they've been, where they are, and where they are going was proposed by ________.

Accepted Answer

The idea that a person's identity can only be understood by considering where they've been, where they are, and where they are going was proposed by McAdams, specifically in his theory of personality development which emphasizes the importance of narrative identity.

Question 8

Marielle is a researcher who argues that individual differences in the strength of social representations of rules, beliefs, and attitudes are linked to specific situations. She would best be described as a(n) ________ researcher.

Accepted Answer

Marielle's focus on individual differences in the strength of social representations indicates a focus on the cognitive processes involved in social perception and interpretation, which falls within the realm of social cognition research. None of the other options are clearly applicable based on the given information.

Question 9

Sheri is disappointed with herself, because she is approaching her thirtieth birthday and is not yet married. Her expectation that she would have been married and have kids by the age of 35, and she is now feeling like this will not be possible. Sheri's plans for achieving specific life goals by specific ages is an example of her ________.

Accepted Answer

Sheri's plans for achieving specific life goals by specific ages are an example of her social clock. The social clock refers to the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. Sheri's disappointment stems from her feeling that she has fallen behind her peers in meeting these socially prescribed milestones.

Question 10

Cathy and Bettina are sitting together one evening talking about their house. "I'd really like to renovate the kitchen within the next year," says Bettina. Cathy agrees, but points out that they can't afford such an expensive project, especially since they have a new baby to take care of and pay for. They both agree that if they work more hours at their jobs that they will be able to make the extra money needed to pay for the renovation. Cathy and Bettina are demonstrating ________ control.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cathy and Bettina are sitting together one...

Question 11

Middle-age adults tend to be more willing to take ________ factors into account when considering the actions of another individual, a skill that is not as readily seen in younger individuals.

Accepted Answer

The sentence suggests that middle-age adults are better at considering contextual factors when evaluating the actions of others, meaning they are able to take into account the broader situational factors that may have influenced a person's behavior. The other choices (reflective, genetic, predetermined) do not fit the context of the sentence.

Question 12

Faced with the prospect of voting for or against a state law legalizing same-sex marriages, Roberto considers many factors. He thinks about his own family and friends, his religion, his cultural upbringing, and his feelings about whether same-sex marriage is an acceptable form of the term "marriage." Roberto is using ________ judgment to determine his own position on this controversial issue.

Accepted Answer

Roberto is using reflective judgment, which involves considering multiple perspectives, examining evidence, and evaluating the coherence and consistency of arguments before coming to a conclusion. This is in contrast to formal operational thinking, which involves applying logical operations to arrive at a single, "right" answer, or didactic thinking, which relies on authority and tradition to determine what is true. Egalitarian thinking is unrelated to this issue.

Question 13

Research on possible selves development has shown that

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that younger adults tend to believe they have control over becoming both their hoped-for selves and their feared selves, reflecting a sense of optimism and control over their future.

Question 14

Personal ________ beliefs reflect the degree to which you believe that your performance in a situation depends on something you do.

Accepted Answer

Personal control beliefs are related to the extent to which individuals believe that they can control or influence outcomes through their own actions or behaviors.

Question 15

Based on personal experiences and input from other people, young adults create a ________ that represents a unified sense of the past, present, and future.

Accepted Answer

A life-span construct is a term used to describe the unified sense of the past, present, and future that young adults create based on personal experiences and feedback from others. It includes beliefs and expectations about oneself and the world, and helps individuals understand their place in society and how their past experiences influence their present and future. The other choices, comprehensive self-concept, personal fable, and egocentric composite, do not fully capture the idea of a unified sense of the past, present, and future.

Question 16

Donald is having a real problem with his boss at work. Try though he has, he cannot seem to get his boss to ease up on him. He decides that rather than try to change his relationship with his boss, he will change how he allows their constant conflicts to affect him. He vows to stop letting it "get to him," and comes up with new ways to avoid getting upset over their constant struggles. Donald is using ________ control in his relationship with his boss.

Accepted Answer

Donald is using secondary control, which involves changing one's response to a stressor rather than changing the stressor itself. He is not attempting to change his boss or the situation at work, but rather changing how he perceives and reacts to their conflicts.

Question 17

Overall, McAdams (2008) believes that one's identity is

Accepted Answer

McAdams (2008) argues that identity is a process of creating and recreating one's own life story, which suggests that it is not static over time and subject to change. This contradicts options A and D. Option C is also incorrect as McAdams does not suggest that freedom in our lives is an illusion, but rather that we have agency in shaping our own identities through narrative constructions.

Question 18

Ralphie believes that following school rules is important because a teacher's authority should not be questioned. Ralphie would probably be closest to the _____ stage of reflective judgment.

Accepted Answer

Ralphie's belief aligns with the initial stage of reflective judgment, where individuals tend to accept authority figures' views without question, indicating a pre-reflective thinking pattern.

Question 19

When he was little, Jaden's father used to play "What do you want to be when you grow up" with him. Jaden loved considering the various options, and his father was always amused by the way his son's choices would change from day to day. Jaden's father was using _______ to help Jaden consider his future.

Accepted Answer

Jaden's father was using scenarios to help Jaden consider his future, as he played the "What do you want to be when you grow up" game with him. Scenarios involve considering possible future outcomes or pathways, and can be used to help individuals make decisions or set goals. A life-span construct refers to a person's overall outlook on aging and the life course, a social clock refers to the societal expectations around timing of major life events, and a life story is a person's own narrative about their life experiences.

Question 20

Mitzi is a young adolescent who often dreams of having four children, a husband, a dog, and a house with a white picket fence. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Mitzi's dream represents a scenario, which is a projection of possible future events based on personal desires and beliefs, but is not necessarily a reflection of actual experiences or events in the individual's life. It is not a life-span construct, which is a cognitive framework or schema for understanding and interpreting experiences across the lifespan. It is also not a life story, which is a narrative of an individual's experiences and events that have shaped their identity and sense of self. Lastly, it is not a personal fable, which is a belief that one's own experiences and feelings are unique and exceptional compared to others.

Quiz 10: Becoming an Adult: Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development