Question 1

Behavioral contrast occurs when a change in the rate of _____ on one component of a multiple schedule is followed by a change in the rate of _____ on the other component.
A) reinforcement; response
B) response; reinforcement
C) punishment; reinforcement
D) reinforcement; punishment

Accepted Answer

Behavioral contrast occurs when a change in the rate of reinforcement on one component of a multiple schedule leads to a change in the rate of response on the other component. This phenomenon reflects how the relative rates of reinforcement across different contexts can influence behavior.

Question 2

According to the peak shift effect, the peak of a generalization gradient following discrimination training will shift from the _____ to a stimulus that is further removed from the _____. A) S^R; S^D B) S^D; S^R C) S^D; S^∆ D) S^∆; S^D

Accepted Answer

The peak shift effect refers to the shift in the peak of a generalization gradient following discrimination training. The peak of the gradient shifts from the reinforced stimulus (S^R) to a stimulus that is further removed from the unreinforced stimulus (S^∆).

Question 3

Every evening, Sal watches The Simpsons from 8 to 8:30 p.m. followed by Family Guy from 8:30 to 9 p.m. This pattern is most similar to a _____.
A) variable ratio schedule
B) mixed schedule
C) multiple schedule
D) chained schedule

Accepted Answer

A multiple schedule involves the presentation of two or more different reinforcement schedules, each signaled by a different stimulus, without requiring a sequence of responses. Sal's viewing pattern, where The Simpsons and Family Guy are shown back-to-back at specific times, resembles this as each show (stimulus) signals a different "reinforcement" period, without the need for a specific sequence of responses from Sal.

Question 4

A multiple schedule is useful for investigating _____.
A) spontaneous recovery
B) resurgence
C) stimulus control
D) habituation

Accepted Answer

A multiple schedule is useful for investigating stimulus control because it involves presenting two or more distinct schedules of reinforcement, each associated with a different stimulus. This setup allows researchers to study how organisms discriminate between these stimuli and how their behavior is controlled by the presence or absence of these stimuli.

Question 5

An animal's response is reinforced in the presence of a tone that is 50 decibels (dB) in loudness, but not a tone that is 70 dB in loudness. In a test of generalization, the strongest response will most likely be to a tone that is _____ dB in loudness.
A) 40
B) 90
C) 60
D) 80

Accepted Answer

Generalization occurs when an animal responds to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. Since the animal was conditioned to respond to a 50 dB tone, it is more likely to respond strongly to a tone that is closer in loudness to 50 dB, such as 40 dB, rather than to tones that are much louder.

Question 6

A multiple schedule consists of two or more independent schedules presented in sequence, each: A) with its own S^D. B) resulting in a reinforcer. C) with the same S^D. D) Both a and b are correct.

Accepted Answer

A multiple schedule involves two or more independent schedules presented in sequence, each with its own distinct stimulus (signaling the schedule in effect) and each resulting in a reinforcer. This means both A and B are correct descriptions of components of a multiple schedule.

Question 7

Following a discrimination training procedure in which a red key was established as the S^∆ and an orange key was established as the S^D, a test of generalization is conducted in which the strongest response occurs to a yellowish-orange key. This result is a demonstration of _____. A) response generalization B) errorless discrimination C) the peak shift effect D) error-filled discrimination

Accepted Answer

The peak shift effect occurs when, after discrimination training, the highest rate of response shifts away from the trained stimulus (S+) towards a stimulus that is further removed from the non-reinforced stimulus (S-), in this case, from orange to yellowish-orange.

Question 8

A pigeon's response is reinforced on an orange key but not a yellow key. In a test of the generalization gradient, the strongest response will most likely be to a(n) _____.
A) yellowish-orange key
B) yellow key
C) blue key
D) reddish-orange key

Accepted Answer

The strongest response will likely be to a reddish-orange key because it is closer in color to the orange key that was reinforced, demonstrating stimulus generalization where the pigeon responds to stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus.

Question 9

On a discrimination training task with pigeons, key pecks are reinforced in the presence of the _____ and not in the presence of the _____. A) S^∆; S^D B) S^D; S^R C) S^R; S^P D) S^D; S^∆

Accepted Answer

In a discrimination training task, key pecks are reinforced in the presence of a discriminative stimulus (SD) and not reinforced in the presence of a delta stimulus (∆S).

Question 10

In an experiment, a rat receives food when it presses a lever in the presence of a 1100-Hz tone but not in the presence of a 1300-Hz tone. The 1100-Hz tone acts as the _____ while the 1300-Hz tone acts as the _____. A) S^∆; S^D B) S^D; S^∆ C) S^R; S^D D) S^D; S^R

Accepted Answer

The answer of In an experiment, a rat receives food...

Question 11

One explanation for the peak shift effect is that during discrimination training, a subject responds in terms of the _____ values of stimuli rather than the _____ values.
A) relative; absolute
B) absolute; relative
C) salient; intense
D) intense; salient

Accepted Answer

The peak shift effect is explained by the idea that subjects respond based on the relative values of stimuli (comparing them to each other) rather than their absolute values (the specific, fixed value of each stimulus).

Question 12

Dora has two friends, Jon and Sim, and she goes to school with each of them on alternate days. Dora's behavior is best described as being on a _____ of reinforcement.
A) chained schedule
B) concurrent schedule
C) multiple schedule
D) fixed ratio schedule

Accepted Answer

Dora's behavior of going to school with each friend on alternate days is best described as being on a multiple schedule of reinforcement, where two or more different schedules of reinforcement operate independently and successively, each during different, alternating periods of time.

Question 13

On which of the following schedules (chained or multiple) would a rat earn maximum food during a two-hour session?
A) Chain VI 60-sec FI 300-sec
B) Multiple VI 60-sec FI 300-sec
C) Chain VI 300-sec FI 60-sec
D) Multiple VI 300-sec FI 400-sec

Accepted Answer

In a multiple schedule, the two components (VI 60-sec and FI 300-sec) operate independently, allowing the rat to respond to whichever schedule is currently active and potentially earn more reinforcers. In contrast, a chain schedule requires completion of the first component before moving to the second, which could limit the number of reinforcers earned within the session.

Question 14

In an experiment, a pigeon receives food whenever it pecks a green key and not when it pecks a yellow key. In this experiment, the green key acts as the _____ while the yellow key acts as the _____. A) S^D; S^∆ B) S^∆; S^D C) S^D; S^R D) S^R; S^D

Accepted Answer

The green key is a discriminative stimulus (SD) for getting food (it signals that pecking will be reinforced), while the yellow key is a discriminative stimulus for extinction (SΔ), indicating that pecking will not be reinforced.

Question 15

The difference between a chained schedule and a multiple schedule is that a multiple schedule: A) involves more S^Ds. B) involves more reinforcers. C) involves more S^∆s. D) Both a and b are correct.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The difference between a chained schedule and...

Question 16

Erik dated Mandy, who was a brunette, for about six months. He found Mandy nice but rather boring. He then dated Angele, who was very spontaneous, funny, exciting, and had reddish-brown hair. Now that he and Angele have broken up, Erik goes out with his friends on the weekends and approaches only girls with red hair. Erik's friend, a behaviorist, suggests that Erik's behavior illustrates the _____.
A) peak shift effect
B) partial reinforcement effect
C) shaping effect
D) systematic desensitization effect

Accepted Answer

Erik's preference for girls with red hair, following his positive experiences with Angele who had reddish-brown hair, illustrates the peak shift effect. This psychological phenomenon occurs when an individual shows a greater response to stimuli that are exaggerated versions of the original stimulus associated with a positive or rewarding experience. In this case, Erik's attraction has shifted to girls with red hair, an exaggerated version of Angele's reddish-brown hair, because of the positive association he had with Angele.

Question 17

A rat receives food when it presses a lever in the presence of a 900-Hz tone but not in the presence of a 1300-Hz tone. In a subsequent test of generalization, which of the following tones would most likely produce the highest rate of lever pressing?
A) 850 Hz
B) 1250 Hz
C) 1300 Hz
D) 1350 Hz

Accepted Answer

The 850 Hz tone is closest to the 900 Hz tone that was associated with receiving food, making it the most likely to produce a high rate of lever pressing due to stimulus generalization.

Question 18

A _____ consists of two or more independent schedules presented in sequence, each resulting in reinforcement and each having a distinctive S^D. A) multiple schedule B) chained schedule C) concurrent schedule D) mixed schedule

Accepted Answer

A multiple schedule involves two or more independent schedules presented in sequence, each with its own discriminative stimulus (S^D) and each resulting in reinforcement.

Question 19

One explanation for the peak shift effect is that the S^D is perceived as: A) quite dissimilar from the S^∆. B) somewhat similar to the S^∆. C) overtly salient. D) subtly salient.

Accepted Answer

The peak shift effect occurs when the S^D (discriminative stimulus) is perceived as somewhat similar to the S^∆ (non-reinforced stimulus), leading to a shift in response away from the S^∆.

Question 20

When her baby cries, Martha understands what he needs even before she goes to him. Martha's skill is best described as resulting from an intensive process of _____.
A) discrimination training
B) errorless discrimination training
C) generalization training
D) fading

Accepted Answer

Martha's skill is best described as resulting from discrimination training, which involves learning to respond differently to various stimuli or cues. In this context, Martha has learned to distinguish between different types of cries from her baby, allowing her to understand what he needs without seeing him.

Quiz 8: Extinction and Stimulus Control

Behavioral contrast occurs when a change in the rate of _ on one component of a multiple schedule is followed by a change in the rate of _ on the other component.

According to the peak shift effect, the peak of a generalization gradient following discrimination training will shift from the _ to a stimulus that is further removed from the _.

Every evening, Sal watches The Simpsons from 8 to 8:30 p.m. followed by Family Guy from 8:30 to 9 p.m. This pattern is most similar to a _____.

A multiple schedule is useful for investigating _____.

An animal's response is reinforced in the presence of a tone that is 50 decibels (dB) in loudness, but not a tone that is 70 dB in loudness. In a test of generalization, the strongest response will most likely be to a tone that is _____ dB in loudness.

A multiple schedule consists of two or more independent schedules presented in sequence, each:

Following a discrimination training procedure in which a red key was established as the S^∆ and an orange key was established as the S^D, a test of generalization is conducted in which the strongest response occurs to a yellowish-orange key. This result is a demonstration of _____.

A pigeon's response is reinforced on an orange key but not a yellow key. In a test of the generalization gradient, the strongest response will most likely be to a(n) _____.

On a discrimination training task with pigeons, key pecks are reinforced in the presence of the _ and not in the presence of the _.

In an experiment, a rat receives food when it presses a lever in the presence of a 1100-Hz tone but not in the presence of a 1300-Hz tone. The 1100-Hz tone acts as the _ while the 1300-Hz tone acts as the _.

One explanation for the peak shift effect is that during discrimination training, a subject responds in terms of the _ values of stimuli rather than the _ values.

Dora has two friends, Jon and Sim, and she goes to school with each of them on alternate days. Dora's behavior is best described as being on a _____ of reinforcement.

On which of the following schedules (chained or multiple) would a rat earn maximum food during a two-hour session?

In an experiment, a pigeon receives food whenever it pecks a green key and not when it pecks a yellow key. In this experiment, the green key acts as the _ while the yellow key acts as the _.

The difference between a chained schedule and a multiple schedule is that a multiple schedule:

A rat receives food when it presses a lever in the presence of a 900-Hz tone but not in the presence of a 1300-Hz tone. In a subsequent test of generalization, which of the following tones would most likely produce the highest rate of lever pressing?

A _____ consists of two or more independent schedules presented in sequence, each resulting in reinforcement and each having a distinctive S^D.

One explanation for the peak shift effect is that the S^D is perceived as:

When her baby cries, Martha understands what he needs even before she goes to him. Martha's skill is best described as resulting from an intensive process of _____.

Quiz 8: Extinction and Stimulus Control

Behavioral contrast occurs when a change in the rate of _____ on one component of a multiple schedule is followed by a change in the rate of _____ on the other component.

According to the peak shift effect, the peak of a generalization gradient following discrimination training will shift from the _____ to a stimulus that is further removed from the _____.