Question 1

The statement "You do not appreciate what you have got until you are about to lose it" illustrates a(n) _____.
A) extinction burst
B) resurgence effect
C) positive contrast effect
D) anticipatory contrast effect

Accepted Answer

This statement illustrates an anticipatory contrast effect, which occurs when the anticipation of a change in the availability or quality of a reward leads to a change in behavior or emotional response. In this context, the appreciation for something increases as one anticipates losing it.

Question 2

A pigeon is presented with a blue key and a red key alternatively. In the presence of the blue key, it earns food on a VI 30-sec schedule. In the presence of the red key, it earns food on a VI 15-sec schedule. The VI 30-sec schedule is then changed to a VI 60-sec schedule. As a result, the rate of response on the VI 15-sec schedule _____, illustrating a _____ contrast effect.
A) decreases; negative
B) increases; negative
C) decreases; positive
D) increases; positive

Accepted Answer

The rate of response on the VI 15-sec schedule increases, illustrating a positive contrast effect. This occurs because the difference in the value of the two schedules has increased, making the VI 15-sec schedule relatively more attractive and thus increasing the rate of response to it.

Question 3

According to Colin Wilson's concept of St. Neots margin, difficulties instill our lives with a sense of meaning by forcing us to
A) delay the consumption of a reinforcer.
B) respond at a slower rate than before.
C) concentrate.
D) consider the purpose of life.

Accepted Answer

Colin Wilson's concept of the St. Neots margin suggests that difficulties make our lives more meaningful by requiring us to concentrate more intensely on our challenges and goals. This concentration on overcoming obstacles is what imbues life with a deeper sense of purpose and engagement.

Question 4

Which of the following is an important aspect of errorless discrimination training? A) The S^∆ is introduced early in training. B) The S^D is introduced late in training. C) The S^R is presented in weak form in the beginning. D) The S^∆ is presented in strong form in the beginning.

Accepted Answer

In errorless discrimination training, the S^∆ (discriminative stimulus for extinction) is introduced early and gradually, to minimize errors and frustration during learning.

Question 5

In a positive contrast effect, a decrease in the rate of _____ on one component of a multiple schedule is followed by an increase in the rate of _____ on the other component.
A) reinforcement; response
B) response; reinforcement
C) response; response
D) reinforcement; reinforcement

Accepted Answer

In a positive contrast effect, when there is a decrease in the rate of reinforcement on one component of a multiple schedule, it is typically followed by an increase in the rate of response on the other component. This effect demonstrates how changes in the conditions of reinforcement can influence responding in linked or adjacent schedules of reinforcement.

Question 6

A pigeon is presented with a blue key and a red key in alternating order. In the presence of the blue key, it earns food on a VI 200-sec schedule. In the presence of the red key, it earns food on a VI 600-sec schedule. The VI 600-sec schedule is then changed to a VI 100-sec schedule. As a result, the rate of response on the VI 200-sec schedule _____, illustrating a _____ contrast effect.
A) decreases; negative
B) increases; negative
C) decreases; positive
D) increases; positive

Accepted Answer

CWhen the VI 600-sec schedule is changed to a VI 100-sec schedule, making it more favorable, the rate of response on the VI 200-sec schedule decreases. This is because the relative value of the VI 200-sec schedule has decreased compared to the now more favorable VI 100-sec schedule. This decrease in response rate on the VI 200-sec schedule when the conditions of the alternative (red key) improve is an example of a negative contrast effect. However, the explanation also aligns with the principles of a positive contrast effect, where an increase in the attractiveness of one option (in this case, the VI 100-sec schedule becoming more favorable) could lead to a perceived decrease in the value of the other option (the VI 200-sec schedule), thus reducing response rates on it. This scenario can be interpreted to illustrate both negative and positive contrast effects depending on the perspective of value change (decrease in value of the initially more favorable condition or increase in value of the less favorable condition).

Question 7

An important aspect of errorless discrimination training is that A) the S^∆ is introduced late in training. B) the S^D is introduced late in training. C) the S^∆ is presented in weak form to begin with. D) the S^∆ is presented in strong form to begin with.

Accepted Answer

In errorless discrimination training, the S^∆ is initially presented in a weak form to minimize errors and gradually strengthened, helping the learner to distinguish between stimuli without making mistakes.

Question 8

Mohammed loved watching television until last summer when his favorite shows went off the air. During the summer, though he still watched television, he found reading to be much more interesting than before. Mohammed's behavior illustrates a(n) _____.
A) anticipatory contrast effect
B) negative contrast effect
C) positive contrast effect
D) additive contrast effect

Accepted Answer

Mohammed's increased interest in reading after his favorite television shows went off the air demonstrates a positive contrast effect, where the removal of a preferred activity (watching favorite TV shows) makes an alternative activity (reading) more appealing than it was previously.

Question 9

In a negative contrast effect, an increase in the rate of _____ on one component of a multiple schedule is followed by a decrease in the rate of _____ on the other component.
A) response; reinforcement
B) reinforcement; response
C) response; response
D) reinforcement; reinforcement

Accepted Answer

In a negative contrast effect, an increase in the rate of reinforcement on one component of a multiple schedule leads to a decrease in the rate of response on the other component. This phenomenon reflects how changes in the conditions of reinforcement can affect responding in linked or related contexts.

Question 10

On a multiple VR 100 VI 60-sec schedule of reinforcement, the first component is changed to a VR 5 schedule. As a result, the rate of response on the VI 60-sec schedule will most likely _____, illustrating a(n) _____.
A) increase; positive contrast effect
B) decrease; negative contrast effect
C) decrease; anticipatory contrast effect
D) increase; anticipatory contrast effect

Accepted Answer

The answer of On a multiple VR 100 VI 60-sec...

Question 11

Dwayne shows little interest in his girlfriend except when he perceives that she is becoming interested in somebody else. His behavior is best described as an example of a(n) _____.
A) anticipatory contrast effect
B) negative contrast effect
C) positive contrast effect
D) discriminatory contrast effect

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dwayne shows little interest in his girlfriend...

Question 12

Harry recently got engaged and spends every evening with his fiancé. As a result, he finds his college classes during the day less appealing than before. Harry's behavior illustrates a(n) _____.
A) anticipatory contrast effect
B) negative contrast effect
C) positive contrast effect
D) discriminatory contrast effect

Accepted Answer

Harry's decreased interest in his college classes due to the more appealing time spent with his fiancé is an example of a negative contrast effect, where the value of one activity decreases because of the increased value of another.

Question 13

The concept of St. Neots Margin reflects the influence of _____ on one's sense of meaning in life.
A) the Premack principle
B) extinction bursts
C) the peak shift effect
D) contrast effects

Accepted Answer

The concept of St. Neots Margin reflects the influence of contrast effects on one's sense of meaning in life. This concept suggests that our perception of meaning can be significantly influenced by the contrast between our current experiences and those we have had in the past or anticipate in the future.

Question 14

On a multiple FR 50 VI 60-sec schedule of reinforcement, the first component is changed to an FR 300 schedule. As a result, the rate of response on the VI 60-sec schedule increases. This is an example of a(n) _____.
A) positive contrast effect
B) negative contrast effect
C) anticipatory contrast effect
D) discriminatory contrast effect

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a positive contrast effect, where the rate of response increases in the unchanged component (VI 60-sec schedule) of a multiple schedule following a decrease in the rate of reinforcement in the other component (change from FR 50 to FR 300). This occurs because the unchanged component becomes relatively more reinforcing compared to the changed component.

Question 15

On a multiple FI 20-sec VI 60-sec schedule of reinforcement, the first component is changed to an FI 200-sec schedule. As a result, the rate of response on the VI 60-sec schedule will most likely:
A) remain the same.
B) decrease.
C) increase.
D) become unpredictable.

Accepted Answer

When the first component is changed to a longer interval (FI 200-sec), the rate of reinforcement decreases, which can lead to an increase in responding in the second component (VI 60-sec) due to the contrast effect, where the organism responds more in the unchanged component when the other component becomes less reinforcing.

Question 16

In anticipatory contrast, the rate of response:
A) varies inversely with an upcoming change in the rate of reinforcement.
B) varies directly with an upcoming change in the rate of reinforcement.
C) varies inversely with an upcoming change in the rate of response.
D) varies directly with an upcoming change in the rate of response.

Accepted Answer

Anticipatory contrast occurs when the rate of response varies inversely with an upcoming change in the rate of reinforcement. This means that if an organism expects that a reinforcement will be less valuable or less frequent in the future, its current rate of response might increase as it tries to maximize the current, more favorable conditions. Conversely, if it expects better reinforcement in the future, its current response rate might decrease.

Question 17

Colin Wilson's concept of St. Neots margin suggests that _____ may provide our lives with a sense of meaning.
A) blocking effects
B) overshadowing effects
C) contrast effects
D) peak shift effects

Accepted Answer

Contrast effects can provide our lives with a sense of meaning by highlighting differences and creating a sense of significance or value in experiences.

Question 18

Errorless discrimination training is a procedure that reduces
A) the number of errors associated with discrimination training.
B) the number of errors associated with generalization training.
C) many of the adverse effects of discrimination training.
D) Both a and c are correct.

Accepted Answer

Errorless discrimination training is designed to minimize errors and reduce many of the adverse effects associated with traditional discrimination training methods.

Question 19

After Rachel learns that she will soon lose her job due to lay-offs, she finds her job more interesting than before and works harder at it. Her behavior illustrates a(n) _____.
A) anticipatory contrast effect
B) positive contrast effect
C) differential reinforcement effect
D) negative contrast effect

Accepted Answer

Anticipatory contrast effect is a phenomenon in which a person's behavior changes in anticipation of a future event. In this case, Rachel's behavior changed in anticipation of losing her job.

Question 20

The concept of St. Neots margin suggests that _____ can reduce the sense of meaning in our lives.
A) extinction
B) the peak shift effect
C) overgeneralization
D) easily available reinforcers

Accepted Answer

The concept of St. Neots margin suggests that easily available reinforcers, such as those provided by modern technology and convenience, can reduce the sense of meaning in our lives by diminishing the effort and challenge required to achieve rewards, leading to a potential decrease in satisfaction and fulfillment.

Quiz 8: Extinction and Stimulus Control

The statement "You do not appreciate what you have got until you are about to lose it" illustrates a(n) _____.

According to Colin Wilson's concept of St. Neots margin, difficulties instill our lives with a sense of meaning by forcing us to

Which of the following is an important aspect of errorless discrimination training?

In a positive contrast effect, a decrease in the rate of _ on one component of a multiple schedule is followed by an increase in the rate of _ on the other component.

An important aspect of errorless discrimination training is that

Mohammed loved watching television until last summer when his favorite shows went off the air. During the summer, though he still watched television, he found reading to be much more interesting than before. Mohammed's behavior illustrates a(n) _____.

In a negative contrast effect, an increase in the rate of _ on one component of a multiple schedule is followed by a decrease in the rate of _ on the other component.

On a multiple VR 100 VI 60-sec schedule of reinforcement, the first component is changed to a VR 5 schedule. As a result, the rate of response on the VI 60-sec schedule will most likely _, illustrating a(n) _.

Dwayne shows little interest in his girlfriend except when he perceives that she is becoming interested in somebody else. His behavior is best described as an example of a(n) _____.

Harry recently got engaged and spends every evening with his fiancé. As a result, he finds his college classes during the day less appealing than before. Harry's behavior illustrates a(n) _____.

The concept of St. Neots Margin reflects the influence of _____ on one's sense of meaning in life.

On a multiple FR 50 VI 60-sec schedule of reinforcement, the first component is changed to an FR 300 schedule. As a result, the rate of response on the VI 60-sec schedule increases. This is an example of a(n) _____.

On a multiple FI 20-sec VI 60-sec schedule of reinforcement, the first component is changed to an FI 200-sec schedule. As a result, the rate of response on the VI 60-sec schedule will most likely:

In anticipatory contrast, the rate of response:

Colin Wilson's concept of St. Neots margin suggests that _____ may provide our lives with a sense of meaning.

Errorless discrimination training is a procedure that reduces

After Rachel learns that she will soon lose her job due to lay-offs, she finds her job more interesting than before and works harder at it. Her behavior illustrates a(n) _____.

The concept of St. Neots margin suggests that _____ can reduce the sense of meaning in our lives.