Question 1

Which accurately represents what is known about basic emotions in infancy according to Darwin?

Accepted Answer

Darwin's theory suggests that basic emotions are universal and are expressed by infants from all cultures early in infancy.

Question 2

Emotions play a vital role in our development by

Accepted Answer

Emotions play a vital role in our development by preparing a child to respond to the environment and communicate meaningful social information.

Question 3

Three-month-old Jessica smiles as her father walks into the room. This reaction is evidence that

Accepted Answer

At three months old, infants typically develop a social smile, which is a smile in response to seeing familiar faces, such as a parent's.

Question 4

Charity is caring for two infants in her home. One is 3 weeks old and the other 5 months old. As Charity sang, she noticed both infants smiling. What likely explains this behavior in both infants?

Accepted Answer

The 3-week-old is likely smiling reflexively in response to the sound, while the 5-month-old is capable of a social smile, expressing happiness toward a familiar caregiver.

Question 5

Two-year-old Samuel has started to display anger when things don't go his way. His parents wonder if this is normal. Which would be an accurate statement to share with Samuel's parents?

Accepted Answer

The expression of emotions like anger typically increases in the second year as toddlers develop more autonomy and begin to assert themselves.

Question 6

Two-year-old Josiah accidentally spilled his drink on the floor. He quickly ran to his room where he sat quietly. An explanation for this behavior might be that

Accepted Answer

The answer of Two-year-old Josiah accidentally spilled his drink on...

Question 7

Rosie, an 18-month-old in the young toddler classroom, is cared for by two responsive caregivers. One caregiver is very expressive while the other is quiet and more reserved. Rosie's father has noticed that Rosie responds to the very big smiles of one caregiver, but also responds to the very subtle smiles of the other caregiver. This could be evidence of the child's

Accepted Answer

Rosie's ability to respond to both the expressive and subtle smiles of her caregivers suggests she can discriminate between different levels of emotional expression, indicating her ability to perceive and understand gradations in emotions.

Question 8

Which reflects evidence for emotional discrimination in young children?

Accepted Answer

Young infants can differentiate between emotional expressions, such as happy and angry, indicating emotional discrimination.

Question 9

A parent and toddler visit a new playground. The toddler alternates between watching their parent and investigating a very steep slide. After seeing a fearful look on the parent's face, the toddler moves away from the slide. The toddler's behavior can be described as

Accepted Answer

The toddler's behavior is an example of social referencing, where they look to a caregiver's emotional reaction to guide their own behavior in uncertain situations.

Question 10

Lila covers her ears immediately as the fireworks show begins to avoid getting upset. Lila is displaying

Accepted Answer

Lila is displaying emotional self-regulation by covering her ears to manage her emotional response to the loud noise of the fireworks.

Question 11

Looking away from an unpleasant event and sucking their thumb are common ways infants

Accepted Answer

Infants often look away from unpleasant events and suck their thumbs as a way to self-soothe and regulate their emotions.

Question 12

A child stops themselves from throwing a toy when upset and instead walks away from the situation. This behavior is an example of

Accepted Answer

Effortful control refers to the ability to regulate one's emotions and actions, such as stopping oneself from acting impulsively and choosing a more constructive response.

Question 13

Thomas and Chess's temperament profiles were clustered into which three categories?

Accepted Answer

Thomas and Chess identified three categories of temperament in children: Easy, Difficult, and Slow-to-warm-up.

Question 14

Jade positively responds to having regular routines, has a pleasant disposition, and adapts easily to new experiences. Thomas and Chess's model of temperament would identify Jade as a(n) _______ child.

Accepted Answer

Thomas and Chess's model of temperament categorizes an "easy" child as one who has regular routines, a pleasant disposition, and adapts easily to new experiences.

Question 15

Sage is a 14-month-old who will often cry loudly when in a new situation or is introduced to new people. Rothbart might say that Sage is high in the temperament dimension

Accepted Answer

Sage's behavior of crying loudly in new situations or when meeting new people aligns with the temperament dimension of fear and inhibition, which involves a heightened response to unfamiliar or potentially threatening situations.

Question 16

Rothbart's research found that _______ correlated with adult personality of _______.

Accepted Answer

E  Rothbart's research found that negative reactivity in infants is correlated with neuroticism in adults, and effortful control is correlated with conscientiousness in adults.

Question 17

Thomas and Chess and other researchers found that temperament

Accepted Answer

Thomas and Chess found that temperament is a relatively stable characteristic from infancy through childhood and adulthood, indicating that it is more innate and less influenced by environmental factors.

Question 18

Parents of eight-month-old fraternal twins, Adrienne and Addison, found that each child responds very differently to noises and activity levels in the room. Addison is bothered by increased activity while Adrienne appears to enjoy the extra activity. After noticing this, one parent will often take Addison off to a quiet side of the room, away from the high noise and activity. According to research, is this a wise decision?

Accepted Answer

This decision aligns with the concept of "goodness of fit," which suggests that adapting parenting strategies to match a child's temperament can lead to better developmental outcomes.

Question 19

The concept of goodness of fit

Accepted Answer

Goodness of fit refers to how well a child's temperament aligns with the expectations and demands of their environment, impacting their development and adjustment.

Question 20

A parent with the ability to manage negative emotions and cope with everyday stressors or what is known as _______, is more likely to develop a positive relationship with their child.

Accepted Answer

Distress tolerance refers to a person's ability to manage negative emotions and cope with stress, which can help in developing positive relationships with their children.

Quiz 7: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood