Question 1

Carol watches as her father rolls up a long "snake" of playdoh into a large ball, exclaiming, "Daddy, that's like magic! There's more clay in it now than before!" Carol has clearly not yet reached the ability to engage in

Accepted Answer

Carol has not yet reached the ability to engage in decentration, which is the cognitive ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation. Her belief that the amount of clay has increased indicates she is focusing on one aspect (the shape) rather than understanding that the quantity remains the same.

Question 2

Marcus thinks he can now ride one of the fun-looking roller coasters at the carnival, but his younger sister cannot, because last year his best friend Christopher could ride it, and this year Marcus is taller than his friend, but his sister is shorter. Marcus is displaying the ability to engage in

Accepted Answer

Marcus is using transitive inference, which involves understanding the relationship between different items in a sequence. He infers that if he is taller than Christopher and Christopher could ride the roller coaster, then he can ride it too.

Question 3

Hector proudly shows off his binder of baseball cards to his friends at school. The cards are organized based on a player's team affiliation, base percentage, and finally home runs. Hector has organized his cards using

Accepted Answer

Hector's method of organizing his baseball cards by team affiliation, base percentage, and home runs is an example of using taxonomic categories, which involves classifying items based on specific criteria or characteristics.

Question 4

Which of the following would be an example of a limitation in the thinking of a child at the concrete operational stage?

Accepted Answer

Children in the concrete operational stage (ages 7-11) can think logically about concrete events but struggle with abstract or hypothetical concepts, which makes deductive reasoning a limitation at this stage.

Question 5

Roger is learning to complete word-based math problems. To successfully complete them, Roger must decide which pieces of information are relevant, and which are not. This would require him to employ

Accepted Answer

Selective attention is the ability to focus on relevant information while ignoring irrelevant details, which is crucial for solving word-based math problems.

Question 6

Sarah is playing a game on a computer. Level 1 required her to match a set of objects together that were the same color, but to pass Level 2, she was required to match objects together by shape. This game is testing Sarah's

Accepted Answer

The game is testing Sarah's cognitive flexibility, which is the ability to switch between thinking about different concepts, and to think about multiple concepts simultaneously. In this case, Sarah has to switch from matching by color to matching by shape.

Question 7

Although Nora tries hard to pay attention in class, she has difficulty remembering all the instructions her teacher gave them for their new science project. Nora might have limited

Accepted Answer

Nora's difficulty in remembering instructions suggests she may have limited working memory, which is responsible for temporarily holding and processing information.

Question 8

Eric was instructed to press a button as quickly as he could to a series of statements such as "Is an apple an animal?" How fast he was able to correct respond to these questions would be a measure of his

Accepted Answer

Processing speed is the ability to quickly and accurately process information. In this case, Eric was instructed to press a button as quickly as he could to a series of statements. His ability to do this would be a measure of his processing speed.

Question 9

Ophelia knows that spelling is not her best subject in school, but that constantly writing and re-writing the words makes her more confident about spelling them. Ophelia's awareness of her spelling limitations is an example of

Accepted Answer

Metacognition refers to the awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes, including the recognition of one's strengths and weaknesses in learning and problem-solving. Ophelia's awareness of her spelling limitations is an example of metacognition.

Question 10

Ophelia is studying for her spelling test and is repeatedly spelling out loud the words to herself. This studying method would be an example of

Accepted Answer

Rehearsal is the process of repeatedly practicing or reviewing information to memorize it, which is what Ophelia is doing by spelling the words out loud.

Question 11

A group of third- and fifth-grade students were tasked with remembering a list of vocabulary words which were all new to them and unknown as they were related to playing the game croquet. Prior to testing, half of the children across both age groups were given a tutorial on how to play croquet and saw videos of the game. Which of the follow most likely happened?

Accepted Answer

The tutorial likely provided context and understanding, aiding in better retention of the new vocabulary related to croquet.

Question 12

Su-Wei was sharing with her class about her earliest memories of being taken on her father's fishing boat on her birthday in Taiwan, learning how to catch fish and later prepare it for sale in the market, and making traditional Taiwanese dishes prepared using fish. Su-Wei is drawing knowledge from her _______ memory.

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory involves the recollection of specific events, situations, and experiences, such as Su-Wei's memories of her birthday on her father's fishing boat.

Question 13

_______ memory is defined as the personal events that you remember, whereas _______ memory consists of memories related to general knowledge.

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory refers to the ability to recall personal experiences and specific events, while semantic memory involves the recall of general world knowledge and facts.

Question 14

As children age, the _______ component of their autobiographical memory shows large gains in development.

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory, which involves the ability to recall specific events and experiences, shows significant development as children grow older.

Question 15

6-year-olds Rick and Cathy were introduced to a computer game where they scored points for matching objects that were similar in shape and color and moving them to specific locations on a chessboard. While Cathy initially struggled with how to play the game, Rick was quick to understand and implement the game rules and scored a lot of points. Compared to Cathy, Rick most likely has higher _______ intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge. Rick's quick understanding and implementation of the game rules suggest he has higher fluid intelligence.

Question 16

When Bridgette was three years old, she could count to 10 with a little help, and name some basic colors. Now at 5 years of age, she can count to 100, knows all the colors of the rainbow, and can recite the entire alphabet. Bridgette has expanded her _______ intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Crystallized intelligence refers to the knowledge and skills that are accumulated over time, such as vocabulary and factual knowledge. Bridgette's ability to count higher, name more colors, and recite the alphabet indicates an increase in her crystallized intelligence.

Question 17

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences included all the following types as forms of intelligence except _______ intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences includes linguistic, mathematical (logical-mathematical), spatial, and musical intelligences, but not practical intelligence. Practical intelligence is more associated with Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes Robert Sternberg's unique contribution to the discussion of the basis for intelligence?

Accepted Answer

Sternberg is known for his Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, which includes analytical, creative, and practical intelligence, emphasizing the ability to adapt to real-world environments.

Question 19

Dr. Formatte is administering a test of creativity to a group of 6-year-old children. If the scores on these tests are about the same each time, he administers them to the same participants. We would say the test likely has good

Accepted Answer

Reliability refers to the consistency of a test's results over time, indicating that the test produces stable and consistent outcomes when administered to the same participants under similar conditions.

Question 20

The intelligence test developed by Alfred Binet originally sought to

Accepted Answer

Alfred Binet developed his intelligence test to identify children who were struggling in mainstream classrooms, so they could receive additional support.

Quiz 12: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood