Question 1

Sherif (1935) carried out research to investigate:
A)Bystander intervention
B)Obedience
C)Leadership
D)Conformity
E)Stereotyping

Accepted Answer

Sherif's 1935 research is famous for investigating conformity through the autokinetic effect experiment, where individuals conformed to group norms when estimating the movement of a point of light in a dark room.

Question 2

Which of the following studies did not find obedience rates similar to those found by Milgram?
A)Lesar et al.
B)Turner and Solomon
C)Hofling et al.
D)Rank and Jacobsen
E)Dambrun and Vatiné

Accepted Answer

Rank and Jacobsen's study did not find obedience rates similar to those found by Milgram. Their study involved nurses being asked to administer an excessive dosage of a drug, and unlike Milgram's findings, a significant majority of the nurses refused to comply with the unethical request.

Question 3

Blass and Schmitt's research showed people are most likely to obey because they perceive the authority has:
A)Reward and referent power
B)Coercive and informational power
C)Legitimate and expert power
D)All of these
E)None of these

Accepted Answer

Blass and Schmitt's research suggests that people are most likely to obey authority figures because they perceive them to have legitimate and expert power. Legitimate power is based on the position or role of the authority figure, while expert power comes from the authority's knowledge and expertise.

Question 4

In Milgram's studies, participants entered an ""agentic state"" where they became an instrument of the authority figure. What was the other state of consciousness suggested by Milgram, where we voluntarily direct our behaviour?
A)Knowledgeable state
B)Authoritarian state
C)Independent state
D)Autonomous state
E)Free state

Accepted Answer

Milgram suggested the "autonomous state" as the other state of consciousness where individuals act and direct their behavior based on their own principles, acting independently of authority figures.

Question 5

Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of the authoritarian personality (Adorno et al., 1950)?
A)Submissive attitudes towards authority figures
B)Rigid beliefs in conventional values
C)General hostility towards other groups
D)Intolerance of ambiguity
E)Reared by a single mother

Accepted Answer

The concept of the authoritarian personality, as described by Adorno et al. (1950), does not include being reared by a single mother as a characteristic. The theory focuses on attitudes such as submission to authority, conventionalism, aggression towards out-groups, and a desire for order and security, rather than specific family structures.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a feature of having a high internal locus of control?
A)Low self esteem
B)Low authoritarianism
C)Increased independent behaviour
D)Lower likelihood to conform to mistaken views
E)Lower likelihood to obey unreasonable orders

Accepted Answer

Individuals with a high internal locus of control believe they have control over their own lives and decisions, which typically correlates with higher self-esteem, not lower. Choices B, C, D, and E are characteristics associated with a high internal locus of control, such as being less likely to follow authoritarian figures blindly, exhibiting more independent behavior, and resisting conformity to incorrect or unreasonable demands.

Question 7

Which of the following is a suggestion from psychological research that the way to resist unreasonable demands for obedience is to:
A)Question authority if their demands seem unreasonable
B)Educate people about the dangers of blind obedience
C)Remind people they have personal responsibility
D)Provide role models who refuse to obey
E)All of these

Accepted Answer

Psychological research suggests that questioning authority when demands seem unreasonable, educating people about the dangers of blind obedience, reminding individuals of their personal responsibility, and providing role models who refuse to obey are all effective strategies for resisting unreasonable demands for obedience.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT one of Moscovici's requirements for effective minority influence?
A)Commitment
B)Obedience
C)Flexibility
D)Consistency
E)Relevance

Accepted Answer

Obedience is not one of Moscovici's requirements for effective minority influence. Instead, Moscovici emphasized factors like commitment, flexibility, consistency, and the relevance of the argument to persuade the majority. Obedience is generally associated with conformity to majority influence, not the characteristics that enable a minority to change majority opinions.

Question 9

Which psychologist was largely responsible for studying minority influence?
A)Duck
B)Crutchfield
C)Milgram
D)Hofling
E)Moscovici

Accepted Answer

Serge Moscovici was largely responsible for studying minority influence, particularly through his work on how a consistent minority can influence the opinions of a majority.

Question 10

The lowest obedience to authority caused by increased awareness of the learner's plight in Milgram's studies was found by manipulating which condition?
A)Remote feedback
B)Touch proximity
C)Proximity
D)Voice feedback
E)Visual feedback

Accepted Answer

Touch proximity condition, where the teacher had to physically place the learner's hand on a shock plate, resulted in the lowest obedience rates in Milgram's studies, indicating a heightened awareness of the learner's plight when physical contact was involved.

Question 11

Orne and Holland claimed that Milgram's study lacked mundane realism. This means that the study was:
A)Lacked strong characters
B)Not very ordinary
C)Conducted in an artificial controlled environment
D)Didn't concern behaviour that we encounter in everyday life
E)All of these

Accepted Answer

The study was conducted in an artificial controlled environment, which lacked mundane realism.

Question 12

Which of the following was NOT an ethical issue in Asch's conformity research?
A)Many participants were stressed and anxious when taking part
B)Fully informed consent was not obtained
C)Participants were put in a difficult and embarrassing situation
D)Participants were deceived e.g. about the confederates
E)The original participants were all male

Accepted Answer

The original participants being all male is not an ethical issue but rather a limitation regarding the generalizability of the study's findings. Ethical issues typically concern the treatment and well-being of participants, such as stress, consent, embarrassment, and deception, which are addressed in options A, B, C, and D.

Question 13

In Asch's (1951, 1956) original studies, a conformity rate of 37% was found. When he introduced the presence of a supporter into the situation, the conformity rate fell to:
A)0
B)0.05
C)0.1
D)0.26
E)0.28

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Asch's (1951, 1956) original studies, a...

Question 14

Perrin and Spencer claimed that the Asch effect was a ""child of its time"". This means:
A)Asch based his conclusions on research with young people
B)Levels of conformity don't change with time
C)All of the these
D)Children are more conformist
E)The Asch effect is derived from a particular historical period

Accepted Answer

Perrin and Spencer suggested that the Asch effect, which is about conformity to group pressure, was significantly influenced by the specific historical and cultural context of the time when Asch conducted his experiments in the 1950s. This implies that such psychological phenomena might vary across different times and cultures.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A)Individuals who are high in conscientiousness are more conformist
B)Conformity is greater in collectivistic cultures
C)Uniqueness is valued more in individualistic cultures
D)Students conformed more than non-students in Asch's study
E)Women are more conformist than men

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements is NOT...

Question 16

What is said to occur when someone conforms in order that others will like/respect them?
A)Normative social influence
B)Informational conformity
C)Compliance
D)Internalisation
E)Conversion

Accepted Answer

Normative social influence occurs when an individual conforms to be liked or accepted by others, often altering their behavior to match the group's expectations.

Question 17

The types of conformity are:
A)Culture, identification, and compliance
B)Compliance and internalisation
C)Internalisation and identification
D)Identification and culture
E)Compliance, internalisation, and identification

Accepted Answer

Conformity can be categorized into three main types: compliance, internalisation, and identification. Compliance occurs when individuals outwardly conform to group norms or expectations but privately disagree. Internalisation involves adopting the beliefs or behaviors of a group both publicly and privately because the values have been integrated into one's own belief system. Identification happens when individuals conform to the expectations of a group because they want to be associated with that group.

Question 18

What occurs when someone conforms because they really want to establish a relationship with those who are seeking to influence them?
A)Compliance
B)Identification
C)Internalisation
D)Informational influence
E)Normative influence

Accepted Answer

The answer of What occurs when someone conforms because they...

Question 19

The Stanford prison experiment was carried out by:
A)Zimbardo
B)Milgram
C)Asch
D)Franzoi
E)Bales and Slater

Accepted Answer

The Stanford prison experiment, a study of the psychological effects of becoming a prisoner or prison guard, was conducted by Philip Zimbardo in 1971.

Question 20

Minority influence can be used to explain social change during the American civil rights movement. Which of the following factors is NOT linked to Moscovici's requirements for effective minority influence?
A)The members were willing to make sacrifices
B)The members showed a high level of commitment
C)It was clear that the campaigners carried moral authority
D)The campaigners were consistent in their views
E)The movement attracted a lot of media attention

Accepted Answer

The answer of Minority influence can be used to explain...

Quiz 5: Emotion

Sherif (1935) carried out research to investigate:

Which of the following studies did not find obedience rates similar to those found by Milgram?

Blass and Schmitt's research showed people are most likely to obey because they perceive the authority has:

In Milgram's studies, participants entered an ""agentic state"" where they became an instrument of the authority figure. What was the other state of consciousness suggested by Milgram, where we voluntarily direct our behaviour?

Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of the authoritarian personality (Adorno et al., 1950) ?

Which of the following is NOT a feature of having a high internal locus of control?

Which of the following is a suggestion from psychological research that the way to resist unreasonable demands for obedience is to:

Which of the following is NOT one of Moscovici's requirements for effective minority influence?

Which psychologist was largely responsible for studying minority influence?

The lowest obedience to authority caused by increased awareness of the learner's plight in Milgram's studies was found by manipulating which condition?

Orne and Holland claimed that Milgram's study lacked mundane realism. This means that the study was:

Which of the following was NOT an ethical issue in Asch's conformity research?

In Asch's (1951, 1956) original studies, a conformity rate of 37% was found. When he introduced the presence of a supporter into the situation, the conformity rate fell to:

Perrin and Spencer claimed that the Asch effect was a ""child of its time"". This means:

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

What is said to occur when someone conforms in order that others will like/respect them?

The types of conformity are:

What occurs when someone conforms because they really want to establish a relationship with those who are seeking to influence them?

The Stanford prison experiment was carried out by:

Minority influence can be used to explain social change during the American civil rights movement. Which of the following factors is NOT linked to Moscovici's requirements for effective minority influence?