Question 1

What is Schaffer (1993) referring to in the following: ""a close emotional relationship between two persons, characterised by mutual affection and a desire to maintain proximity""?
A)An attachment
B)Human imprinting
C)Monotropy
D)The temperament hypothesis
E)Emotional development

Accepted Answer

Schaffer (1993) defines an attachment as a close emotional relationship between two persons, characterized by mutual affection and a desire to maintain proximity. This definition directly corresponds to choice A, distinguishing it from the other concepts listed.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a psychological explanation of why some children, but not others, are insecurely attached?
A)The child was maltreated at an early age
B)The mother lacked sensitivity to the infant
C)The child's temperament is the cause
D)The child experienced a significant separation from the main caregiver
E)They were born into a wealthy family

Accepted Answer

Insecure attachment in children is often linked to factors such as maltreatment, lack of sensitivity from the caregiver, the child's temperament, and significant separations from the main caregiver. Being born into a wealthy family is not a psychological explanation for insecure attachment.

Question 3

Cross-cultural studies of attachment using the ""Strange Situation"" method have revealed that:
A)For Japanese children separation is a normal experience, hence they differ on this type
B)The attachment types are similar across the world
C)Only the avoidant type shows a similar pattern across the world
D)There is greater variation within cultures than there is between cultures
E)The method is a remarkably valid measuring tool

Accepted Answer

There is greater variation within cultures than there is between cultures.

Question 4

A child who has never formed a close attachment with anyone is said to be in a state of:
A)Monotrophy
B)Deprivation
C)Anaclitic depression
D)Affectionless psychopathy
E)Privation

Accepted Answer

Privation refers to the failure to form an attachment at all, which is different from deprivation, which is the loss of or damage to an attachment. Monotrophy is a term related to a primary attachment figure, anaclitic depression involves a child's response to being separated from a primary caregiver, and affectionless psychopathy is a potential outcome of not forming attachments, but it is not the state of never having formed an attachment.

Question 5

What childhood condition is characterised by lack of trust, lack of a conscience, and an ignorance of the needs of others?
A)Protest-despair-detachment condition
B)Reactive attachment disorder
C)Maternal deprivation
D)Privation disorder
E)Moskovitz syndrome

Accepted Answer

Reactive attachment disorder is characterized by a severe disturbance in the ability to form healthy emotional bonds with others, often as a result of inadequate care and emotional neglect during early childhood. This can lead to a lack of trust, absence of conscience, and ignorance of the needs of others.

Question 6

With which psychologist is the maternal deprivation hypothesis principally associated?
A)Bowlby
B)Lorenz
C)Jung
D)Bandura
E)Tizard

Accepted Answer

The maternal deprivation hypothesis is principally associated with John Bowlby. He proposed that a warm, continuous relationship with a mother figure is essential for a child's psychological development, and that prolonged separation from this adult could lead to significant emotional and social problems.

Question 7

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the study of privation and institutional care by Hodges and Tizard?
A)At the age of 4 the children hadn't formed any attachments
B)The study was a natural experiment
C)Children who returned to their original homes were more likely to form close relationships with their parents
D)At age 16, all the children were less likely to have a special friend than 'normal' children
E)The findings suggest that some effects of privation can be reverse.

Accepted Answer

Hodges and Tizard's study found that children who were adopted formed closer relationships with their parents compared to those who returned to their original homes, contradicting option C.

Question 8

The case study of Genie was carried out by:
A)Freud and Dann
B)Koluchova
C)Curtiss
D)Riley
E)Bowlby

Accepted Answer

The case study of Genie, a girl who was a victim of severe abuse, isolation, and neglect, was carried out by Susan Curtiss among others. Curtiss, a linguist, extensively studied Genie's ability to acquire language after her rescue.

Question 9

Which of the following was NOT used by Erel et al (2000) as a measure of a child's social development?
A)Social interaction with non-parental adults
B)Mother-child interaction
C)Social interaction with peers
D)Father-child interaction
E)Attachment behaviours

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following was NOT used...

Question 10

Ainsworth and Bell's (1970) ""Strange Situation"" method for studying attachment has, according to Main and Solomon (1986), revealed four attachment types. Which one is NOT one of these?
A)Avoidant type
B)Secure type
C)Vigilant type
D)Resistant type
E)Disorganised type

Accepted Answer

The "Strange Situation" method identified three primary attachment styles: secure, avoidant, and resistant. The disorganized attachment style was later added by Main and Solomon, making "Vigilant type" not one of the recognized attachment styles from this research.

Question 11

Which of the following is describes insecure-resistant attachment in the Strange Situation?
A)Distressed by the caregiver's absence, resists contact on return
B)Distressed by the caregiver's absence, seeks contact on return
C)Shows little distress on separation, resists contact on return
D)Shows little distress on separation, avoids contact on return
E)Shows little distress on separation, seeks contact on return

Accepted Answer

Insecure-resistant attachment is characterized by the child showing distress when the caregiver leaves and then resisting comfort or contact upon the caregiver's return, indicating ambivalence about the caregiver's response.

Question 12

According to learning theory what is the conditioned stimulus in the process of forming an attachment?
A)Food
B)Bell
C)Salivation
D)Sense of pleasure
E)Mother

Accepted Answer

In the context of attachment theory, the mother becomes the conditioned stimulus as the infant associates her with the sense of pleasure and comfort she provides, similar to how a bell becomes a conditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiments.

Question 13

What was the main implication of Harlow's (1959) research on attachment in the rhesus monkey?
A)The monkeys raised by siblings were more social than monkeys raised by mothers
B)The monkeys preferred the mothers supplying food than those that offered contact comfort
C)The monkeys preferred mothers on the basis of physical similarity to themselves
D)The monkeys raised by passive mothers were less abusive to other monkeys as adults than those raised by interactive mothers
E)The monkeys preferred the mothers offering contact comfort rather than those that supplied food

Accepted Answer

Harlow's research demonstrated that rhesus monkeys preferred surrogate mothers that provided contact comfort over those that provided food, highlighting the importance of emotional and physical closeness in the development of attachment.

Question 14

Hay and Vespo (1988) identify three ways in which children learn attachment. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
A)Positive reinforcement
B)Modelling
C)Direct instruction
D)Social facilitation
E)All of these

Accepted Answer

The answer of Hay and Vespo (1988) identify three ways...

Question 15

According to Bowlby (1969), what is the internal working model of relationships?
A)A good early attachment helps the child to survive
B)A good early attachment will provide a template for all future relationships
C)A good early attachment teaches the child to become more independent
D)A bad early relationship increases the likelihood of adult anxiety
E)A bad early relationship will increase the tendency to be a bad caregiver to become transmitted genetically

Accepted Answer

Bowlby's concept of the internal working model of relationships suggests that the quality of a child's early attachment experiences serves as a template for future relationships, influencing expectations and interactions in later life.

Question 16

Bowlby's theory suggests that attachment is adaptive. What is the special importance of a behaviour being adaptive?
A)People who are attached live longer
B)It makes sure that the mother and baby are happy
C)It promotes survival
D)It can act as a secure base
E)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Adaptive behaviors are those that have evolved to increase the likelihood of survival and reproduction. In the context of Bowlby's attachment theory, the attachment behavior is considered adaptive because it enhances the survival chances of the infant by ensuring proximity and care from the caregiver.

Question 17

According to Robertson and Bowlby (1952), which of the following is NOT one of the three stages in a child's response to separation?
A)Detachment
B)Protest
C)Despair
D)Dislike
E)All of these

Accepted Answer

Robertson and Bowlby (1952) identified three stages in a child's response to separation: protest, despair, and detachment. "Dislike" is not one of the stages they described.

Question 18

What term is used to suggest that imprinting takes place most easily early on in life but that it may still happen at any time?
A)Set period
B)Critical period
C)Hormonal period
D)Bonding period
E)Sensitive period

Accepted Answer

The term "sensitive period" is used to describe a time in development when an organism is more responsive to certain stimuli and can learn particular skills more easily, but learning can still occur outside this period.

Question 19

What is the monotropy hypothesis (Bowlby, 1988)?
A)Infants have room for only one high quality attachment
B)Infants have a hierarchy of attachments
C)Infants have mutual attachments
D)Infants have many attachments
E)Infants form strong attachments only when the main caregiver is responsive to theird

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the monotropy hypothesis (Bowlby, 1988)?
A)Infants...

Question 20

According to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care (1997), which factor(s) were found to affect emotional adjustment?
A)Maternal sensitivity and responsiveness, irrespective of quality of care
B)Maternal sensitivity and responsiveness only
C)Maternal sensitivity and responsiveness, in addition to quality of care
D)Quality of care only
E)Consistency of care only

Accepted Answer

The study found that both maternal sensitivity and responsiveness, as well as the quality of care, affect a child's emotional adjustment. This indicates that both the emotional and physical environments are important for a child's development.

Quiz 2: Methods of Investigation

What is Schaffer (1993) referring to in the following: ""a close emotional relationship between two persons, characterised by mutual affection and a desire to maintain proximity""?

Which of the following is NOT a psychological explanation of why some children, but not others, are insecurely attached?

Cross-cultural studies of attachment using the ""Strange Situation"" method have revealed that:

A child who has never formed a close attachment with anyone is said to be in a state of:

What childhood condition is characterised by lack of trust, lack of a conscience, and an ignorance of the needs of others?

With which psychologist is the maternal deprivation hypothesis principally associated?

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the study of privation and institutional care by Hodges and Tizard?

The case study of Genie was carried out by:

Which of the following was NOT used by Erel et al (2000) as a measure of a child's social development?

Ainsworth and Bell's (1970) ""Strange Situation"" method for studying attachment has, according to Main and Solomon (1986) , revealed four attachment types. Which one is NOT one of these?

Which of the following is describes insecure-resistant attachment in the Strange Situation?

According to learning theory what is the conditioned stimulus in the process of forming an attachment?

What was the main implication of Harlow's (1959) research on attachment in the rhesus monkey?

Hay and Vespo (1988) identify three ways in which children learn attachment. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

According to Bowlby (1969) , what is the internal working model of relationships?

Bowlby's theory suggests that attachment is adaptive. What is the special importance of a behaviour being adaptive?

According to Robertson and Bowlby (1952) , which of the following is NOT one of the three stages in a child's response to separation?

What term is used to suggest that imprinting takes place most easily early on in life but that it may still happen at any time?

What is the monotropy hypothesis (Bowlby, 1988) ?

According to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care (1997) , which factor(s) were found to affect emotional adjustment?