Question 1

The testable prediction generated by a theory is known as the:
A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Null hypothesis
D)Hypothesis
E)Chi-squared test

Accepted Answer

A hypothesis is the testable prediction generated by a theory. It is a statement that can be tested through research and experimentation, unlike the other options which serve different roles in the research process.

Question 2

The ways in which experimenters might influence results are known as:
A)Demand characteristics
B)Biases
C)Expectancy factors
D)Influential factors
E)Investigator or experimenter effects

Accepted Answer

Investigator or experimenter effects are the ways in which experimenters might influence results.

Question 3

Selecting participants on the basis of their availability is known as:
A)Random sampling
B)Opportunity sampling
C)Stratified sampling
D)Quota sampling
E)Biased sampling

Accepted Answer

Opportunity sampling involves selecting participants based on their availability and willingness to take part, rather than using a random or stratified approach. This method is often used when time or resources are limited.

Question 4

The best way to get a representative sample from the population is to use a(n):
A)Complex sample
B)Systematic sample
C)Opportunistic sample
D)Simple sample
E)Random sample

Accepted Answer

A random sample is the best method to get a representative sample from the population because it ensures that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, minimizing bias and making the sample more likely to accurately reflect the characteristics of the whole population.

Question 5

Counterbalancing is used with which type of experimental design?
A)Matched participants
B)Independent
C)Repeated measures
D)Correlational
E)Factorial

Accepted Answer

Counterbalancing is used in repeated measures designs to control for order effects, ensuring that the order in which participants experience conditions does not affect the results.

Question 6

The main problem with the repeated measures design is:
A)Significant effects
B)Repeat effects
C)Factorial effects
D)Matched effects
E)Order effects

Accepted Answer

The main problem with repeated measures design is order effects, which occur because the order in which participants experience conditions can affect their responses.

Question 7

An experimental design that uses the same participants in both groups is known as a(n):
A)Correlational design
B)Independent design
C)Matched pairs design
D)Repeated measures design
E)Factorial design

Accepted Answer

A repeated measures design involves the same participants being used in all conditions of an experiment, allowing for direct comparison of different conditions on the same individuals.

Question 8

An experimental design that pairs participants across conditions according to a variable such as sex or IQ is called a(n):
A)Factorial design
B)Independent design
C)Repeated measures design
D)Correlational design
E)Matched pairs design

Accepted Answer

Matched pairs design involves pairing participants across conditions based on specific variables (e.g., sex, IQ) to control for those variables' effects, ensuring that the matched variable is equally distributed across conditions.

Question 9

An experimental design that uses different participants in each group is called a(n):
A)Repeated measures design
B)Matched pairs design
C)Independent groups design
D)Correlational design
E)Factorial design

Accepted Answer

An independent groups design, also known as a between-subjects design, uses different participants in each group of the experiment, with each group being exposed to a different level of the independent variable. This contrasts with repeated measures and matched pairs designs, where the same participants are used across conditions or are matched in pairs across conditions, respectively. Correlational and factorial designs refer to different aspects of research design not specifically related to the use of different participants in each group.

Question 10

A score worked out by dividing the total of all participant scores by the number of participants is known as the:
A)Central tendent
B)Mode
C)Median
D)Mean
E)Skewed tendent

Accepted Answer

The mean is calculated by dividing the sum of all values in a dataset by the number of values in the dataset, which matches the description given.

Question 11

A bell-shaped curve in which most scores cluster fairly close to the mean is known as the:
A)Normal distribution
B)Measure of central tendency
C)Skewed distribution
D)Histogram
E)Measured distribution

Accepted Answer

A normal distribution is characterized by a bell-shaped curve where most of the data points cluster around the mean, with fewer and fewer points appearing as one moves away from the mean in either direction.

Question 12

A correlational score of -1.00 would be:
A)An indication of a slight negative relationship between two variables
B)A perfect positive correlation
C)An indication that there was no relationship between two variables
D)An indication of a slight positive relationship between two variables
E)A perfect negative correlation

Accepted Answer

A correlational score of -1.00 indicates a perfect negative correlation, meaning that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases in a perfectly linear manner.

Question 13

Identify the way in which qualitative analysis differs from quantitative analysis:
A)Qualitative findings are easier to replicate
B)It uses fewer participants
C)It focuses on more narrow aspects of behaviour
D)It does not express information in numerical form
E)All of these

Accepted Answer

Qualitative analysis differs from quantitative analysis primarily because it does not express information in numerical form. Instead, it focuses on understanding concepts, thoughts, and experiences through detailed, non-numerical insights.

Question 14

To get a rough idea of whether there is a relationship between two variables, you could plot the results using:
A)A bar chart
B)A histogram
C)A scattergram
D)A frequency polygon
E)None of these

Accepted Answer

A scattergram (or scatter plot) is used to visualize the relationship between two variables, showing how one variable is affected by the change in another variable.

Question 15

A graph showing frequencies of scores using rectangles of different heights is known as a:
A)Histogram
B)Frequency polygraph
C)Frequency polygon
D)Box-plot
E)Normal distribution

Accepted Answer

A histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data, where the data are binned and the count for each bin is represented by the height of a rectangle.

Question 16

A measure of dispersion that is the square of the standard deviation is known as the:
A)Squared deviation
B)Variance
C)Average deviation
D)Modal deviation
E)Mean deviation

Accepted Answer

Variance is a statistical measure of dispersion that represents the average of the squared differences from the mean, and it is indeed the square of the standard deviation.

Question 17

The difference between the highest and lowest score is called the:
A)Mode
B)Range
C)Median
D)Middle score
E)Mean

Accepted Answer

The range is defined as the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a set of data.

Question 18

The most frequently occurring score of a set of numbers (e.g., 3,4,6,6,6,6,6,6,7,8) is called the:
A)Middle score
B)Median
C)Mode
D)Mean
E)Square

Accepted Answer

The mode is defined as the value that appears most frequently in a data set, which in the given example is the number 6.

Question 19

The middle score in a set of numbers (e.g., 3,5,6,4,3) is called the:
A)Median
B)Mode
C)Middle score
D)Mean
E)Square

Accepted Answer

The median is the middle value in a list of numbers when they are arranged in order. In the given example (3, 5, 6, 4, 3), when the numbers are arranged in order (3, 3, 4, 5, 6), the median is 4, which is the middle score.

Question 20

Order effects are a problem when using:
A)Matched pairs design
B)Repeated measures design
C)Independent groups design
D)Experimental design
E)All of these

Accepted Answer

Order effects are a problem in repeated measures designs because the same participants are exposed to all conditions, and their responses may be influenced by the order in which they experience these conditions.

Quiz 3: Biological Bases of Behaviour

The testable prediction generated by a theory is known as the:

The ways in which experimenters might influence results are known as:

Selecting participants on the basis of their availability is known as:

The best way to get a representative sample from the population is to use a(n) :

Counterbalancing is used with which type of experimental design?

The main problem with the repeated measures design is:

An experimental design that uses the same participants in both groups is known as a(n) :

An experimental design that pairs participants across conditions according to a variable such as sex or IQ is called a(n) :

An experimental design that uses different participants in each group is called a(n) :

A score worked out by dividing the total of all participant scores by the number of participants is known as the:

A bell-shaped curve in which most scores cluster fairly close to the mean is known as the:

A correlational score of -1.00 would be:

Identify the way in which qualitative analysis differs from quantitative analysis:

To get a rough idea of whether there is a relationship between two variables, you could plot the results using:

A graph showing frequencies of scores using rectangles of different heights is known as a:

A measure of dispersion that is the square of the standard deviation is known as the:

The difference between the highest and lowest score is called the:

The most frequently occurring score of a set of numbers (e.g., 3,4,6,6,6,6,6,6,7,8) is called the:

The middle score in a set of numbers (e.g., 3,5,6,4,3) is called the:

Order effects are a problem when using: