Question 1

When you hear a story about a person you know,you will _____,which may lead to _____.
A) activate a script; additional recall of information you know about the person when you are asked to retell the story
B) activate a schema; additional recall of information you know about the person when you are asked to retell the story
C) activate a script; poorer understanding of the story
D) attach it to existing memories about the person; perfect memory of the story

Accepted Answer

When we hear a story about someone we know, our brain activates relevant schemas, which are mental frameworks that help us make sense of new information by connecting it to pre-existing knowledge about the world. This activation of schemas can lead to additional recall of information we know about the person when we are asked to retell the story.

Question 2

Harry was reading the textbook for his potions class and was trying to relate the material to his own experiences.According to the levels of processing model of memory,this would be considered:
A) deep processing
B) consolidation
C) shallow processing
D) transfiguration

Accepted Answer

According to the levels of processing model of memory, deep processing involves relating information to personal experiences or prior knowledge, which is exactly what Harry is doing as he reads his textbook. Shallow processing, on the other hand, involves only engaging with the surface-level features of the material, while consolidation refers to the process of solidifying memories after they have been encoded. Transfiguration is not a relevant term in the context of memory processing.

Question 3

The brain is selective about the information that gets stored in long-term memory.This selectivity may be evolutionarily advantageous because:
A) only a limited amount of space is available in long-term memory
B) information that aids in reproduction and survival is emphasized
C) increased selectivity is associated with greater intelligence
D) selectivity improves the organization of information in long-term memory

Accepted Answer

Selectivity in long-term memory is evolutionarily advantageous because it allows for prioritization of information that aids in reproduction and survival, such as learning to avoid dangers or remembering how to obtain food and shelter. This is essential for the survival and reproduction of an organism. Option A and D are partially correct, but they do not encompass the full scope of why selectivity is beneficial in long-term memory. Option C is not necessarily true, as intelligence involves more than just selectivity in memory.

Question 4

The best argument that long-term memory and short-term memory are separate entities is that:
A) brain damage can leave one but not the other memory intact
B) recent events are remembered better than most past events
C) recalling past events requires retrieval cues but recalling recent events does not
D) the recency effect can be disrupted but the primacy effect cannot

Accepted Answer

Brain damage can selectively affect either long-term or short-term memory, indicating that they are separate entities. This argues against the idea that they are simply different phases of the same memory system. The other options do not provide as strong of evidence for the separation of long-term and short-term memory.

Question 5

While you are at the movies,the person sitting next to you coughs so loudly that you cannot hear part of an actor's line.However,you believe that you have heard the entire sentence,including the part masked by the cough.Your perception is possible because of:
A) long-term memory
B) sensory memory
C) iconic memory
D) maintenance rehearsal

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is the brief storage of sensory information, such as what we hear and see. It lasts only for a fraction of a second, but it allows us to perceive the world as continuous rather than as a series of disconnected stimuli. In this scenario, the cough would have briefly interrupted the auditory information, but the information that was already gathered by the sensory memory would have been sufficient to fill in the missing gap in the actor's line.

Question 6

A children's flipbook consists of a series of pictures of Mickey Mouse with his feet in slightly different positions.If you look at the pages one at a time,slowly,all you see are the individual pictures of Mickey.However,if you flip the pages quickly,you see Mickey running.This illusion is due to storage of the successive pictures in:
A) sensory memory
B) echoic memory
C) working memory
D) short-term memory

Accepted Answer

The illusion of motion in a flipbook is due to the storage of successive images in sensory memory, specifically iconic memory, which briefly retains visual information.

Question 7

As a friend gives you her new address over the phone,you realize that you do not have a pen to write it down.Approximately how long do you have to find a pen before her address will vanish from your short-term memory?
A) about half a minute
B) several minutes
C) less than half a second
D) less than 1 second

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory typically retains information for about 20 to 30 seconds without rehearsal, so you have about half a minute to find a pen before the address is likely to be forgotten.

Question 8

Professor Smith is doing research on fish.He refuses to learn his students' names because he believes that the names take up space in his long-term memory,which could be better used for fish information.He is incorrect because:
A) different types of information, such as facts about fish and names of people, are stored in different parts of memory
B) the students' names would have been stored in short-term memory
C) long-term memory can hold essentially unlimited amounts of information
D) the students' names that are preserved in long-term memory could be replaced later with different information

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory has a vast capacity and can hold essentially unlimited amounts of information, so learning students' names would not prevent Professor Smith from storing fish information.

Question 9

Students frequently learn the Big Five personality model by using the acronym OCEAN,where each letter of the word corresponds to the first letter of one of the factors (openness,conscientiousness,extraversion,agreeableness,neuroticism).These students are using:
A) hierarchies
B) linkage
C) chunking
D) primitive features

Accepted Answer

Chunking is a learning strategy that involves grouping information together in a meaningful way to aid recall. In this case, the students are chunking the five personality factors together using the acronym OCEAN, which helps them remember the factors and their corresponding letters.

Question 10

Even though he has already memorized his notes,Hao reviews them every night for the two weeks before the exam.This strategy is likely to _____ his performance due to _____.
A) hurt; cramming
B) hurt; spreading out his practice
C) help; cramming
D) help; spreading out his practice

Accepted Answer

Spreading out practice over a period of time, as opposed to cramming, has been shown to improve long-term retention and performance. Even though Hao has already memorized his notes, reviewing them every night for two weeks before the exam will reinforce his learning and help him perform better on the exam.

Question 11

If you spend the same amount of time reviewing material as testing yourself on the material,you will learn more from _____ because of the increased _____ time.
A) reviewing; rehearsal
B) reviewing; retrieval
C) testing; retrieval
D) testing; rehearsal

Accepted Answer

Testing oneself on material involves retrieval practice, which has been shown to be more effective for learning and retaining information than simply reviewing the material. Spending equal amounts of time on both reviewing and testing will result in more time spent on retrieval practice, leading to greater learning gains. Therefore, choice C, testing with retrieval practice, is the best option.

Question 12

Even though they probably look at coins on a daily basis,most people are unlikely to be able to correctly identify which coin is a real quarter from an array of possible quarters because:
A) people do not pay attention to pennies
B) people do not pay attention to quarters
C) memories are transient
D) other things interfere with the memory of the quarter

Accepted Answer

People often do not pay close attention to the details of quarters, leading to difficulty in identifying them correctly.

Question 13

When remembering words on a list,people tend to remember words at the beginning of the list and words at the end of the list better than words in the middle of the list.This phenomenon is known as:
A) the serial position effect
B) retroactive interference
C) motivated forgetting
D) spreading activation effect

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described is known as the serial position effect, where items at the beginning of a list (primacy effect) and items at the end of the list (recency effect) are more likely to be remembered than items in the middle. Retroactive interference, motivated forgetting, and spreading activation effect are not related to this specific phenomenon.

Question 14

Kumar is trying to remember who ran against John F.Kennedy in the 1960 presidential election. Kumar's search for information to answer this question is being carried out in his:
A) working memory
B) sensory memory
C) short-term memory
D) long-term memory

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory is the type of memory that stores information for an extended period of time. Kumar is trying to recall information that happened in 1960, which suggests that he is accessing his long-term memory.

Question 15

People have better memories for events that involve negative emotions.According to an evolutionary perspective,this phenomenon suggests that negative emotions:
A) make information easier to rehearse
B) emphasize information important to survival
C) increase consolidation of information
D) act as mnemonics for information

Accepted Answer

From an evolutionary perspective, negative emotions would have emphasized information that is important for survival, such as potential dangers or threats. People would have stronger memories for these events because it would increase their chances of being able to avoid or respond to similar situations in the future.

Question 16

You are reading a book,and your friend John asks you a question.By the time you ask,"What did you say?" you hear his question.This effect is due to storage of information in the _____ for audition.
A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) working memory
D) sensory memory

Accepted Answer

This effect is due to the sensory memory, which briefly holds information from the senses before it either decays or is transferred to short-term memory. In this case, the auditory information from John's question was briefly stored in sensory memory, allowing the person to still hear the question even though they didn't fully process it in their attention at first.

Question 17

Colt is an excellent quarterback.One skill that contributes to his ability is that he sees the players not just as individuals,but as units that can be called on to make different plays.This skill enables him to process the game more efficiently and to hold more information about the game in his short-term memory.Colt is using the memory strategy of:
A) visualization
B) imaging
C) chunking
D) linking

Accepted Answer

Colt is using the memory strategy of chunking where he groups individual players into units to process the game more efficiently and hold more information in short-term memory. Visualization and imaging refer to creating mental pictures, whereas linking involves connecting unrelated items to remember them better.

Question 18

As a research participant,you study this list of words: curtain,book,anger,dirt,plant,hunger,paper,sadness,sunshine,music,disease,surprise,fired,love,test,pizza,electricity.When you are later asked to recall the list,which of the following words are you most likely to have trouble remembering?
A) book
B) pizza
C) music
D) curtain

Accepted Answer

The answer of As a research participant,you study this list...

Question 19

In a serial position curve,words that are not part of either the primacy effect or the recency effect are:
A) forgotten
B) only partially learned
C) stored but not consolidated
D) unprocessed

Accepted Answer

Words that are not part of either the primacy effect or the recency effect are forgotten.

Question 20

Shannon has a biology exam next week.To be sure that she really knows the material,she should:
A) cram the night before the test
B) test herself on the material
C) make up multiple-choice questions
D) use maintenance rehearsal

Accepted Answer

Testing oneself on the material is the best way to ensure retention and comprehension of the material. Cramming the night before the test may lead to short-term memory recall but does not guarantee long-term retention. Making up multiple-choice questions may help in active recall but may not cover all the required topics. Maintenance rehearsal focuses on consistently repeating information rather than actively engaging with it, which may not be effective in retaining complex and detailed information.

Quiz 7: Attention and Memory

When you hear a story about a person you know,you will _,which may lead to _.

Harry was reading the textbook for his potions class and was trying to relate the material to his own experiences.According to the levels of processing model of memory,this would be considered:

The brain is selective about the information that gets stored in long-term memory.This selectivity may be evolutionarily advantageous because:

The best argument that long-term memory and short-term memory are separate entities is that:

While you are at the movies,the person sitting next to you coughs so loudly that you cannot hear part of an actor's line.However,you believe that you have heard the entire sentence,including the part masked by the cough.Your perception is possible because of:

As a friend gives you her new address over the phone,you realize that you do not have a pen to write it down.Approximately how long do you have to find a pen before her address will vanish from your short-term memory?

Professor Smith is doing research on fish.He refuses to learn his students' names because he believes that the names take up space in his long-term memory,which could be better used for fish information.He is incorrect because:

Students frequently learn the Big Five personality model by using the acronym OCEAN,where each letter of the word corresponds to the first letter of one of the factors (openness,conscientiousness,extraversion,agreeableness,neuroticism) .These students are using:

Even though he has already memorized his notes,Hao reviews them every night for the two weeks before the exam.This strategy is likely to _ his performance due to _.

If you spend the same amount of time reviewing material as testing yourself on the material,you will learn more from _ because of the increased _ time.

Even though they probably look at coins on a daily basis,most people are unlikely to be able to correctly identify which coin is a real quarter from an array of possible quarters because:

When remembering words on a list,people tend to remember words at the beginning of the list and words at the end of the list better than words in the middle of the list.This phenomenon is known as:

Kumar is trying to remember who ran against John F.Kennedy in the 1960 presidential election. Kumar's search for information to answer this question is being carried out in his:

People have better memories for events that involve negative emotions.According to an evolutionary perspective,this phenomenon suggests that negative emotions:

You are reading a book,and your friend John asks you a question.By the time you ask,"What did you say?" you hear his question.This effect is due to storage of information in the _____ for audition.

As a research participant,you study this list of words: curtain,book,anger,dirt,plant,hunger,paper,sadness,sunshine,music,disease,surprise,fired,love,test,pizza,electricity.When you are later asked to recall the list,which of the following words are you most likely to have trouble remembering?

In a serial position curve,words that are not part of either the primacy effect or the recency effect are:

Shannon has a biology exam next week.To be sure that she really knows the material,she should: