Question 1

Researchers conduct an experiment in which male participants are given a drug that makes them feel extremely happy.Participants in Group A are told that they will feel this way from the drug.Participants in Group B are not told about the effects of the drug.After the drug has taken effect,an attractive woman enters the room.According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory,which group of participants is less likely to feel attracted to the woman,and why?
A) Group A, because they were already happy when they came to the experiment.
B) Group A, because they expected positive feelings from the drug.
C) Group B, because they identified the positive feelings later.
D) Group B, because they were not told about the effects of the drug.

Accepted Answer

According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory, emotions are composed of both physical arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal. In this case, both Group A and Group B experience physical arousal from the drug, but only Group A has a cognitive interpretation of that arousal as positive feelings. Therefore, Group A is more likely to attribute their positive feelings towards the woman to the drug rather than to her attractiveness, whereas Group B is more likely to feel attraction towards the woman since they have no alternative explanation for their physical arousal.

Question 2

Some people are generally happy and optimistic; other people are generally sad and pessimistic.One possible explanation for these general dispositions on life might be that optimistic people _____ and pessimistic people _____.
A) show cerebral symmetry; show cerebral asymmetry
B) show cerebral asymmetry; show cerebral asymmetry
C) are left hemisphere dominant; are right hemisphere dominant
D) are right hemisphere dominant; are left hemisphere dominant

Accepted Answer

Optimistic people are often associated with left hemisphere dominance, which is linked to positive emotions, while pessimistic people are associated with right hemisphere dominance, linked to negative emotions.

Question 3

Participants in a psychology experiment are shown photographs that elicit three kinds of emotional reactions: happiness,fear,or sadness.A week later,they are shown a series of photographs and asked to identify which ones they had seen before.You could predict that the best memory would be for the:
A) sad pictures
B) happy pictures
C) frightening pictures
D) happy and frightening pictures

Accepted Answer

Emotional arousal, particularly fear, tends to enhance memory retention, making frightening pictures more memorable.

Question 4

Xandra,a 3-year-old,has a damaged amygdala.Her parents should be concerned that she may:
A) not bond well to them
B) not experience a full range of normal emotions
C) be too willing to engage in risk-taking behaviors
D) be too friendly to strangers

Accepted Answer

The answer of Xandra,a 3-year-old,has a damaged amygdala.Her parents should...

Question 5

Eva and Garnet are identical twins who survived a traumatic accident in which a bus they were riding in plummeted into a river.During the accident Eva's amygdala was severely damaged; Garnet experienced no injuries.You would expect that Eva _____ develop a conditioned fear to buses and Garnet _____ develop a conditioned fear to buses.
A) would not; would not
B) would; would not
C) would; would
D) would not; would

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is crucial for processing emotions, including fear. Since Eva's amygdala was damaged, she would likely have difficulty developing a conditioned fear response to buses. Garnet, who experienced no injuries, would be able to develop such a conditioned fear.

Question 6

According to the two-factor theory of emotion,we experience emotion through:
A) simultaneous physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation
B) the subjective emotion followed by the physiological response
C) physiological arousal followed by cognitive interpretation
D) the emotion correlated with the physiological response pattern

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of emotion suggests that we first experience physiological arousal, followed by a cognitive interpretation of the arousal that leads to the experience of emotion. Therefore, the correct choice is C, which states that physiological arousal is followed by cognitive interpretation. Choice A also includes both factors, but it emphasizes that they occur simultaneously, which is not consistent with the two-factor theory. Choices B and D do not accurately capture the sequential process described by the theory.

Question 7

The Cannon-Bard theory argues that physiological responses and emotional experiences occur:
A) roughly simultaneously and independently
B) sequentially and independently
C) sequentially beginning with physiological responses
D) sequentially beginning with emotional experiences

Accepted Answer

The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that physiological responses and emotional experiences happen roughly at the same time and independently of each other. In other words, a person's emotional response to a stimulus is not simply a result of their physiological response to that stimulus; instead, the two processes occur simultaneously but separately.

Question 8

Delroy was on a plane that flew through a hurricane.There was tremendous turbulence,and he was absolutely terrified.Even though he tries not to think about it,Delroy cannot forget that plane trip.Delroy's persistent memory results from the effect of the _____ on how the _____ consolidates memory.
A) thalamus; prefrontal cortex
B) amygdala; prefrontal cortex
C) amygdala; hippocampus
D) thalamus; hippocampus

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is responsible for processing emotions, including fear, while the hippocampus is responsible for consolidating memories. Therefore, the persistent memory of Delroy's frightening plane trip is a result of the amygdala (processing fear) and the hippocampus (consolidating memory) working together. The thalamus is not directly involved in the consolidation of memory, but it does play a role in relaying sensory information to the correct parts of the brain. The prefrontal cortex is involved in higher cognitive processes, such as decision making, but is not directly related to the consolidation of emotional memories.

Question 9

Gavriel has a tremendous crush on Angelique,who seems to see him only as a friend.One way that Gavriel might be able to change Angelique's feelings would be to:
A) take her to a scary movie
B) write her a love poem
C) make her a touching mixed tape
D) take her for a romantic dinner

Accepted Answer

Taking Angelique to a scary movie might create a situation where she feels heightened emotions, which can sometimes lead to increased attraction due to the adrenaline and excitement experienced together.

Question 10

Jason is fascinated by his physics course; he gets excited every time he walks into class.However,Jason has always considered himself someone who does not like science,so he does not recognize that his excitement is due to the class.Instead,he decides that he must be attracted to his lab partner.Jason's misattribution of his arousal is compatible with which theory of emotion?
A) Cannon-Bard
B) James-Lange
C) two-factor
D) cerebral symmetry

Accepted Answer

Jason's misattribution of his arousal is an example of the two-factor theory of emotion, which suggests that emotions are the result of a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal. In this case, Jason misattributed his excitement to his lab partner, rather than recognizing that it was due to his interest in the class.

Question 11

The pattern of cerebral asymmetry refers to the pattern of responding in which the right prefrontal cortex shows _____ and the left prefrontal cortex shows _____.
A) greater activation with positive affect; greater activation with negative affect
B) lesser activation with positive affect; lesser activation with negative affect
C) greater activation with negative affect; greater activation with positive affect
D) lesser activation with negative affect; lesser activation with positive affect

Accepted Answer

The pattern of cerebral asymmetry states that the left prefrontal cortex is associated with positive affect, while the right prefrontal cortex is associated with negative affect. Therefore, greater activation is expected in the left prefrontal cortex with positive affect and in the right prefrontal cortex with negative affect, as stated in option C.

Question 12

Contemporary thinking about the role of the amygdala in emotion is that the path from the thalamus to the amygdala _____ ,and the path from the thalamus to the sensory cortex to the amygdala _____.
A) evaluates whether a threat exists; prepares someone to respond
B) prepares someone to respond; confirms whether a threat exists
C) selects a response; determines if that is the appropriate response
D) determines if that is the appropriate response; selects a response

Accepted Answer

The path from the thalamus to the amygdala is a quick, direct route that prepares someone to respond to potential threats, while the path from the thalamus to the sensory cortex to the amygdala is slower and confirms whether a threat actually exists.

Question 13

Extinction of a classically conditioned response involves suppression of that response by higher brain centers; the conditioned response can be established again very quickly.The probable mechanism for extinction lies in the path from the _____; the probable mechanism for reconditioning lies in the path from the _____.
A) thalamus to the amygdala; thalamus to the sensory cortex to the amygdala
B) thalamus to the sensory cortex to the amygdala; thalamus to the amygdala
C) hippocampus to the amygdala; thalamus to the frontal lobes to the amygdala
D) thalamus to the frontal lobes to the amygdala; hippocampus to the amygdala

Accepted Answer

Extinction involves suppression of the conditioned response by higher brain centers, such as the prefrontal cortex, which inhibits the amygdala's response to the conditioned stimulus. The path from the thalamus to the sensory cortex and then to the amygdala is the probable mechanism for extinction. Reconditioning, on the other hand, involves establishing the conditioned response again, which is likely to occur through the path from the thalamus directly to the amygdala. The hippocampus is not directly involved in extinction or reconditioning of a classically conditioned response.

Question 14

Luiz is walking home late at night when he hears footsteps behind him.He is instantly frightened and gets ready to run.He glances over his shoulder and sees that it is the neighborhood police officer on patrol.Realizing there is nothing to fear,he calms down.Luiz's first response,fear,was processed by the path from the _____.His second response,calming,was processed by the path from the _____.
A) thalamusàamygdala; thalamusàsensory cortexàamygdala
B) thalamusàsensory cortexàamygdala; thalamusàamygdala
C) amygdalaàthalamus; amygdalaàsensory cortexàthalamus
D) amygdalaàsensory cortexàthalamus; amygdalaàthalamus

Accepted Answer

Luiz's initial fear response was processed by the fast path from the thalamus to the amygdala. His calming response was processed by the slower path from the thalamus to the sensory cortex and then to the amygdala.

Question 15

The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion states that:
A) a situation evokes a physiological response that is followed by an emotion label
B) a situation evokes an emotion label and the physiological response follows
C) a situation evokes a physiological label that is followed by a physiological response
D) a situation evokes a physiological response that is followed by a physiological label

Accepted Answer

The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion states that a situation evokes a physiological response (such as increased heart rate or sweating) that is then labeled as a specific emotion based on the context of the situation. This theory emphasizes that the interpretation of physiological responses is important in understanding emotions.

Question 16

Danny,who has a damaged amygdala,accidentally spilled kerosene on a campfire and got badly burned.Later,Danny's reaction to fire is that he:
A) knows it is dangerous and has a strong conditioned fear response to it
B) does not think it is dangerous and has no conditioned fear of it
C) does not think it is dangerous but becomes terrified around it
D) knows it is dangerous but has no conditioned fear of it

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is crucial for processing fear and emotional responses. Damage to it can impair the ability to form conditioned fear responses, even if the person cognitively understands the danger.

Question 17

Aurore has been in a skiing accident.She remembers everything about her life,but does not seem to experience any emotions about her memories or about new things that happen.Aurore most likely has experienced damage to her _____,making her _____.
A) prefrontal cortex; insensitive to somatic markers
B) prefrontal cortex; unable to interpret emotional cues
C) amygdala; insensitive to somatic markers
D) amygdala; unable to interpret emotional cues

Accepted Answer

The answer of Aurore has been in a skiing accident.She...

Question 18

Winona has a great deal of trouble determining the amount of fear that someone is experiencing based on his or her facial expressions.It is quite likely that Winona has damage to her:
A) hippocampus
B) prefrontal cortex
C) thalamus
D) amygdala

Accepted Answer

The amygdala plays a crucial role in processing and interpreting emotional information, particularly fear. Damage to the amygdala can result in difficulty accurately perceiving and experiencing fear.

Question 19

Imagine you are in the forest and come across a bear.Which of the following explanations best represents the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
A) I'm afraid because I'm shaking.
B) I'm shaking because I'm afraid.
C) My shaking must be due to fear because my house is on fire.
D) I'm shaking, and I'm afraid.

Accepted Answer

The Cannon-Bard theory suggests that emotion and physiological responses occur simultaneously, rather than one causing the other. In this case, the individual is experiencing both shaking and fear at the same time, which aligns with the principles of the Cannon-Bard theory.

Question 20

Which brain region processes the emotional significance of stimuli and generates immediate emotional and behavioral reactions?
A) prefrontal cortex
B) amygdala
C) hippocampus
D) hypothalamus

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is responsible for processing the emotional significance of stimuli and generates immediate emotional and behavioral reactions. The prefrontal cortex is involved in regulating emotions, the hippocampus primarily plays a role in memory recall, and the hypothalamus is involved in regulating homeostasis and basic survival behaviors.

Quiz 10: Emotion and Motivation

Some people are generally happy and optimistic; other people are generally sad and pessimistic.One possible explanation for these general dispositions on life might be that optimistic people _ and pessimistic people _.

Participants in a psychology experiment are shown photographs that elicit three kinds of emotional reactions: happiness,fear,or sadness.A week later,they are shown a series of photographs and asked to identify which ones they had seen before.You could predict that the best memory would be for the:

Xandra,a 3-year-old,has a damaged amygdala.Her parents should be concerned that she may:

According to the two-factor theory of emotion,we experience emotion through:

The Cannon-Bard theory argues that physiological responses and emotional experiences occur:

Delroy was on a plane that flew through a hurricane.There was tremendous turbulence,and he was absolutely terrified.Even though he tries not to think about it,Delroy cannot forget that plane trip.Delroy's persistent memory results from the effect of the _ on how the _ consolidates memory.

Gavriel has a tremendous crush on Angelique,who seems to see him only as a friend.One way that Gavriel might be able to change Angelique's feelings would be to:

The pattern of cerebral asymmetry refers to the pattern of responding in which the right prefrontal cortex shows _ and the left prefrontal cortex shows _.

Contemporary thinking about the role of the amygdala in emotion is that the path from the thalamus to the amygdala _ ,and the path from the thalamus to the sensory cortex to the amygdala _.

The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion states that:

Danny,who has a damaged amygdala,accidentally spilled kerosene on a campfire and got badly burned.Later,Danny's reaction to fire is that he:

Aurore has been in a skiing accident.She remembers everything about her life,but does not seem to experience any emotions about her memories or about new things that happen.Aurore most likely has experienced damage to her _,making her _.

Winona has a great deal of trouble determining the amount of fear that someone is experiencing based on his or her facial expressions.It is quite likely that Winona has damage to her:

Imagine you are in the forest and come across a bear.Which of the following explanations best represents the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

Which brain region processes the emotional significance of stimuli and generates immediate emotional and behavioral reactions?