Question 1

Between 1988 and 1996, it is estimated that anywhere between 5,000 and 10,000 Somalis who escaped war and civil war came to Canada as refugees.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Between 1988 and 1996, it is estimated...

Question 2

Between 1988 and 1996, it is estimated that anywhere between 55,000 to 70,000 Somalis who escaped war and civil war came to Canada as refugees

Accepted Answer

According to the Canadian Encyclopedia, between 1988 and 1996, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 Somalis who had fled war and civil war came to Canada as refugees.

Question 3

Unlike their parents, second-generation youth have no language barriers; however, their challenges are no different from their parents when it comes to employment and discrimination due to their ethnicity, religion, and skin colour.

Accepted Answer

Second-generation youth may not face language barriers, but they can still encounter similar challenges as their parents in terms of employment and discrimination based on ethnicity, religion, and skin color.

Question 4

The term Indo-Canadian refers to people of Indian heritage who are living in Canada as first-generation or second-generation immigrants.

Accepted Answer

The term Indo-Canadian generally refers to people of Indian heritage who are living in Canada as first-generation or second-generation immigrants.

Question 5

From January 2006 to March 2014, more than one in five victims of gang-related homicides in the province were South Asians/Indo-Canadians.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. According to a report by the Ontario Chief Coroner's office, from January 2006 to March 2014, 21% of victims of gang-related homicides in Ontario were South Asian/Indo-Canadian.

Question 6

The four sociological models used in the literature to explain the relation between immigration and crime are the importation model, the strain model, the cultural conflict model, and the bias model.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. The four sociological models used in the literature to explain the relation between immigration and crime are the importation model, the strain model, the cultural conflict model, and the bias model.

Question 7

The cultural conflict model proposes that the intersection of immigration and culture are at the root of criminal behaviour.

Accepted Answer

The cultural conflict model suggests that criminal behavior arises from the tension created when two cultures clash, such as in the case of immigrants who are adapting to a new country and culture. The model suggests that this cultural clash can lead to frustration, which can in turn lead to criminal behavior.

Question 8

Disproportionate minority contact (DMC) is a term describing the consistent overrepresentation of persons from certain ethnic minority backgrounds in police-citizen contacts.

Accepted Answer

Disproportionate minority contact refers to the overrepresentation of certain ethnic minority groups in police-citizen contacts.

Question 9

According to the differential involvement hypothesis, minority youth are overrepresented in police encounters because they commit more crime, for long periods in their life, and they commit more serious crimes.

Accepted Answer

The differential involvement hypothesis posits that minority youth are overrepresented in police encounters because they are more likely to be involved in crime, not because they necessarily commit more serious or long-term offenses.

Question 10

The differential selection hypothesis contends that minority youth are overrepresented in police encounters because of the actions of the police, including aggressive policing of high-crime neighbourhoods that also have large minority populations, and the targeting of certain crimes contributes to excessive police-citizen contacts.

Accepted Answer

The differential selection hypothesis argues that overrepresentation of minority youth in police encounters is due to police actions like aggressive policing of high-crime neighborhoods with large minority populations and targeting certain crimes, which leads to more police-citizen interactions.

Question 11

The mixed-model hypothesis contends that it is both differential involvement and differential treatment that produce racial disparities in criminal justice outcomes, with involvement potentially being more important at the earlier stages of the criminal justice process and selection impacting later processing.

Accepted Answer

The statement accurately describes the mixed-model hypothesis, which holds that both differential involvement and differential treatment contribute to racial disparities in the criminal justice system, with the relative importance of each factor potentially varying depending on the stage of the process.

Question 12

In Canada, the government of Ontario has spent upwards of 30 million a year on "hot spots" policing through the TAVIS initiative and the Provincial Anti-Violence Intervention Strategy.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Canada, the government of Ontario has...

Question 13

Carding allowed police officers to stop, question and document persons in non-arrest situations.

Accepted Answer

Carding allowed police officers to stop, question and document persons in non-arrest situations.

Question 14

The RAJO Somali Youth Empowerment Project is a therapeutic crime prevention and intervention program for high-risk Somali-Canadian young people between 18 and 25 years of age and their families.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The RAJO Somali Youth Empowerment Project is...

Question 15

Research on perceptions and experiences with the police in Canada found that black Canadians are significantly more likely to perceive police-citizen contacts as unfair and motivated by racial bias.

Accepted Answer

This statement is supported by research conducted by several organizations, including the Ontario Human Rights Commission and the Toronto Police Services Board. Studies have shown that black Canadians are more likely to report negative experiences with police, perceive bias in police-citizen interactions, and face disproportionate rates of police scrutiny and use of force.

Question 16

Discuss the risk factors for gang involvement for traditional at-risk youth.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the risk factors for gang involvement...

Question 17

Discuss the risk factors for gang involvement for non-traditional at-risk youth.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the risk factors for gang involvement...

Question 18

At the national level, the information on the ethnic composition of gangs relies on the findings of the 2002 Police Survey on Youth Gangs. What were the findings?

Accepted Answer

The answer of At the national level, the information on...

Question 19

Discuss Singh's (2006) comprehensive research study on Indo-Canadian gang members.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss Singh's (2006) comprehensive research study on...

Question 20

What does the mixed model hypothesis essentially say about racialized youth and their contact with police officers?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What does the mixed model hypothesis essentially...

Quiz 12: Racialized Youth Crime and Justice in Canada

Between 1988 and 1996, it is estimated that anywhere between 5,000 and 10,000 Somalis who escaped war and civil war came to Canada as refugees.

Between 1988 and 1996, it is estimated that anywhere between 55,000 to 70,000 Somalis who escaped war and civil war came to Canada as refugees

Unlike their parents, second-generation youth have no language barriers; however, their challenges are no different from their parents when it comes to employment and discrimination due to their ethnicity, religion, and skin colour.

The term Indo-Canadian refers to people of Indian heritage who are living in Canada as first-generation or second-generation immigrants.

From January 2006 to March 2014, more than one in five victims of gang-related homicides in the province were South Asians/Indo-Canadians.

The four sociological models used in the literature to explain the relation between immigration and crime are the importation model, the strain model, the cultural conflict model, and the bias model.

The cultural conflict model proposes that the intersection of immigration and culture are at the root of criminal behaviour.

Disproportionate minority contact (DMC) is a term describing the consistent overrepresentation of persons from certain ethnic minority backgrounds in police-citizen contacts.

According to the differential involvement hypothesis, minority youth are overrepresented in police encounters because they commit more crime, for long periods in their life, and they commit more serious crimes.

In Canada, the government of Ontario has spent upwards of 30 million a year on "hot spots" policing through the TAVIS initiative and the Provincial Anti-Violence Intervention Strategy.

Carding allowed police officers to stop, question and document persons in non-arrest situations.

The RAJO Somali Youth Empowerment Project is a therapeutic crime prevention and intervention program for high-risk Somali-Canadian young people between 18 and 25 years of age and their families.

Research on perceptions and experiences with the police in Canada found that black Canadians are significantly more likely to perceive police-citizen contacts as unfair and motivated by racial bias.

Discuss the risk factors for gang involvement for traditional at-risk youth.

Discuss the risk factors for gang involvement for non-traditional at-risk youth.

At the national level, the information on the ethnic composition of gangs relies on the findings of the 2002 Police Survey on Youth Gangs. What were the findings?

Discuss Singh's (2006) comprehensive research study on Indo-Canadian gang members.

What does the mixed model hypothesis essentially say about racialized youth and their contact with police officers?