Question 1

Emotional intelligence refers to ____________.

Accepted Answer

Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to evaluate and manage one's emotions as well as others'.
Key Takeaway: Emotional intelligence is a fairly new idea that explains how some people are better at evaluating and managing their and other people's emotions. A person who is said to be highly emotional intelligent can evaluate correctly when something is bothering him or her. This person may also manage the emotions of others more effectively. For example, a boss with high emotional intelligence can predict what would make his employees resentful and would address those before they impact the department's productivity.

Question 2

Psychometrics is a field that is concerned with ______________ and _______________ measurement.

Accepted Answer

Psychometrics is a field that is concerned with psychological and educational measurement.
Key Takeaway: Psychometrics is a branch of professional psychology that specializes in developing and administering psychological and educational measurement. Almost everyone who attended a school or university, or has written an exam for a job, has done a psychometric assessment. IQ tests, personality tests, and other skill tests are all examples of measurement in psychometrics. Professional schools such as teaching and medicine, as well as organizations such as federal governments and the army all rely on psychometric measurements to choose their candidates.

Question 3

You make a __________________ when you assume that everything Michael does is because he has a bad attitude.

Accepted Answer

You make a Fundamental Attribution Error when you assume that everything Michael does is because he has a bad attitude.
Key Takeaway: A fundamental attribution error is an error in judging the actions and behaviors of others. If Michael displays a bad attitude in some situations, it does not mean that all his behavior is affected by this attitude. To others, however, it is easy to make that sweeping attribution error. In some cases, outside circumstances could affect his behavior. This type of error is very commonly made about others but not oneself.

Question 4

When changing other people's attitudes, you must use ______________ techniques.

Accepted Answer

When changing other people's attitudes, you must use persuasive techniques.
Key Takeaway: Persuasion is a type of social influence that is used to change people's attitudes. To persuade someone, you have to pay attention to both the content of the message and the channel used to deliver the message. For example, if a company wants to encourage its employees to adopt a healthier lifestyle, it can offer incentives such as prizes. The other two components of persuasion is the actual person delivering the message and the person receiving it.

Question 5

The bystander effect states that people are much less likely to offer needed help _________.

Accepted Answer

The bystander effect states that people are much less likely to offer needed help when they are in a group than when they are alone.
Key Takeaway: The bystander effect states that people are less helpful when they are one of many in a group than when they are alone. For example, if someone passes out on the street and they are a part of a group, they are much less likely to offer help. The explanation for this behavior is that the sense of responsibility for offering help is divided amongst the group. This means that a person is likely to feel solely responsible and then act on it.

Question 6

Sternberg's triangular view has three facets that do NOT include ___________.

Accepted Answer

Sternberg's triangular view has three facets that do NOT include self-disclosure.
Key Takeaway: Sternberg's triangular view has three facets: intimacy, commitment, and passion. Intimacy means that the couple have warmth and closeness between. In other words, they share secrets and confide in one another with important and private issues. Commitment is their intention to be together to the exclusion of other romantic partners. Finally, passion means that they are physically attracted to each other and consider themselves compatible.

Question 7

In 1972, Paul Ekman and his team devised a list of ________ universal emotions that appear on the face based on cross-cultural studies.

Accepted Answer

In 1972, Paul Ekman and his team devised a list of 6 universal emotions that appear on the face based on cross-cultural studies.
Key Takeaway: Paul Ekman's research on universal emotions that appear on the face included: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. These results were based on cross-cultural studies that were collected from a number of countries around the world. People in these countries were shown pictures with facial expressions that represented one of the six universal emotions. These emotions were found to be recognized globally by people even in isolated tribes in a country such as Papua New Guinea.

Question 8

Research studies on teenagers who commit crime shows that they are more likely to ____________.

Accepted Answer

Research studies on teenagers who commit crime shows that they are more likely to mistake neutral emotions with threatening ones in others.
Key Takeaway: Teenagers who commit crimes may be at a disadvantage when it comes to recognizing the emotions of others. Research shows that they are likely to interpret a neutral facial expression as one of threat. This means that they are more likely to pick a fight and assault others based on the wrong assessment of the other person's emotions.

Question 9

_______________ refers to a psychological state whereby a hostage develops emotions of loyalty and sympathy for the hostage-taker.

Accepted Answer

Stockholm syndrome refers to a psychological state whereby a hostage develops emotions of loyalty and sympathy for the hostage-taker.
Key Takeaway: Stockholm syndrome is a state whereby a victim forms an emotional attachment to their captors. It is believed that even the slightest act of kindness by the captor towards a victim is interpreted as a sign that they are essentially kind people. Even in a state of fear and exhaustion, people may develop some sympathy for their captors, especially if they are shown a glimmer of humanity.

Question 10

For the purposes of a criminal court, insanity is strictly a ____________________ conclusion.

Accepted Answer

For the purposes of a criminal court, insanity is strictly a legal conclusion.
Key Takeaway: Insanity in criminal court is a defense that is used when a person's lawyers claim that he or she is not responsible for their actions. Insanity is not a clinical determination, though. It is simply a legal recourse. A person seeking an insanity defense could have a number of underlying issues such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or any of the other personality and brain disorders. It is the court system's duty to determine whether this underlying disorder has actually led to the person not knowing right from wrong when they committed the crime.

Question 11

Approximately _________ of child sexual abuse cases are considered to be false.

Accepted Answer

Approximately 8% of child sexual abuse cases are considered to be false.
Key Takeaway: There are approximately 200,000 new cases of child sexual abuse that are made in the United States every year. Researchers estimate that 8% of those cases are later found out to be blatantly false allegations. Some of the reasons for these false allegations are custody fights between parents. For example, a mother who wishes to gain full physical custody of her children in a divorce may file a false allegation of the father sexually abusing the children. These types of false allegations can seriously damage a child's mental health and ruin the life of the accused.

Question 12

Lack of ________________ is the main diagnostic criterion for psychopathy.

Accepted Answer

Lack of empathy is the main diagnostic criterion for psychopathy.
Key Takeaway: Psychopathy is a personality disorder for which lack of empathy is the main diagnostic criterion. A psychopath will cause his or her victims unimaginable pain and suffering without feeling empathy or remorse. Killers who torture their victims before they murder them are usually psychopaths. However, not all psychopaths are murderers. Some engage in cruel and abusive behavior towards their victims (who are usually family members) for long periods of time. Psychopathy responds very poorly to psychological and medical intervention and often the person is thrown in prison to protect society.

Question 13

Brad is a gifted athlete with scholarships to top schools. His trainers believe that he is in the top 2% of athletes in today's colleges. According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence, which of the following abilities does Brad possess?

Accepted Answer

Bodily-kinesthetic is one of the abilities included in Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence.
Key Takeaway: Bodily-kinesthetic is one of the abilities defined in Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence (1983). According to Gardner, this ability is concerned with body movement and physiology. Of the careers that suit people who are highly intelligent in this ability are athletics, dance, and police work.

Question 14

According to British Psychologist Frederic Bartlett, a child will associate an object in the real world such as a burning object with an abstract representation such as fear. What is the term used to refer to this representation?

Accepted Answer

A schema is the association of a real world object with an abstract mental representation.
Key Takeaway: To make sense of the world and to develop a worldview, a person makes a number of associations between the real world and abstract mental representations. A schema is a learning tool that helps solidify our knowledge of the outside world and tends to remain unchanged. Since it is normally unchanged, a schema influences how we process and interpret information as we receive it.

Question 15

Drivers become adept at recognizing a red sign and coming to a complete stop. What is the term used to refer to a set of mental processes that is NOT accessible to introspective awareness?

Accepted Answer

Adaptive unconscious is a set of mental processes that is not accessible to introspective awareness.
Key Takeaway: Adaptive unconscious is different from our conscious processing of information in that we are not aware of it. A red light is mentally processed at the unconscious level and thus, our reaction to it is much faster and effortless than conscious processing. Our brain engages in adaptive unconscious to make the thousands of decisions that are made easier and faster to process.

Question 16

Which two types of information are processed in the Dual-coding theory of cognition?

Accepted Answer

Visual and verbal information are processed in the Dual-coding theory of cognition.
Key Takeaway: The Dual-coding theory of cognition asserts that visual and verbal information are processed differently and along distinct pathways in the brain. For example, if you are listening to instructions at an ATM that provides a written instruction as well as a verbal one, your brain will process the two information differently and separately. This theory is supported by evidence that shows the brain retains information from the two sources differently.

Question 17

As a research psychologist, Michael is interested in studying self-defeating behavior. He engages in a number of methods to find out the causes of this behavior. What type of analysis is designed to uncover the causes of psychological phenomena methodically?

Accepted Answer

Root cause analysis is designed to uncover the causes of psychological phenomena methodically.
Key Takeaway: Root cause analysis is a type of problem solving used in cognitive research analysis. By uncovering multiple potential causes a psychological phenomenon, a research psychologist can narrow down those contributing to a certain behavior. For example, low self-esteem could be a root cause of self-defeating behavior.

Question 18

Introspection, as a cognitive exercise, is an important method of gaining information. What does introspection mean?

Accepted Answer

Introspection is a process of examining one's thoughts and ideas.
Key Takeaway: Cognitive psychologists encourage their patients to examine their thoughts and ideas about different aspects of their lives. These exercises are designed to gain information about the person's thinking processes. For example, a person who finds public speaking daunting would be encouraged to examine their thoughts before doing presentations. The goal is to uncover ideas such as 'I will embarrass myself' or 'people won't be interested in what I have to say'.

Question 19

Lawyers for a convicted thief want the court to overthrow his past conviction based on the prosecutor's questioning of witnesses. In one instance, the prosecutor referred to the defendant as the 'thief' when questioning an elderly witness. What kind of memory bias is involved in this case?

Accepted Answer

The misinformation effect is a memory bias that results from misinformation that is given to a person.
Key Takeaway: The misinformation effect can lead to a person not remembering information correctly or completely. In the case of the convicted thief, given the witness a suggestive term is likely to bias the recall of information. For the elderly lady, referring to a suspect as a thief may lead her to inaccurately remember him as the person who committed the crime when she would not have done so otherwise.

Question 20

Cathy's research in the cognitive science laboratory shows that when participants are asked to think of word synonyms while completing a physical task, their speed reduced by 2-4 seconds. What is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

Limited capacity refers to the inability for people to complete two or more tasks at the same time with the same proficiency as one of these tasks
Key Takeaway: Limited capacity is a concept that explains why people can't do two things at the same time as well as they can do one thing. For example, if a person is driving and texting on their phone at the same time, they are most likely not paying enough attention on the road and not texting as quickly as they could. Doing one of these tasks alone at any given time is more efficient than doing two at the same time.

Quiz 34: (AP) Psychology: Part B