Question 1

Which psychologist defined the structural model of the psyche: ego, superego, and id?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud is the psychologist who defined the structural model of the psyche: ego, superego, and id.
Key Takeaway: Sigmund Freud defined three theoretical constructs of the human psyche that influence the person's mental life. The id is thought to govern basic drives such as sex and violence while the ego is more organized and grounded in the reality of the outside world. The superego, on the other hand, governs higher ideals of the human psyche and aims to act in a socially acceptable manner.

Question 2

In cognitive research, the time between the presentation of a stimuli to a person and their reaction is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Reaction time is a research method in cognitive research that measures the time between the presentation of a stimuli to a person and their reaction.
Key Takeaway: Reaction time is a frequently used method in cognitive research. For example, a researcher may want to know how quickly a person would identify an object on a computer screen. Reaction time is especially useful when measuring such concepts are limited capacity.

Question 3

In a military training exercise, recruits are conditioned to respond only to the voice of their commanding officer amongst the voices of other personnel. What does this type of differential auditory response signify in perception?

Accepted Answer

Perceptual salience refers to an aspect of a stimuli that differentiates it from other stimuli presented simultaneously.
Key Takeaway: Perceptual salience is an adaptive mechanism of organisms that helps them focus limited perceptual ability on important stimuli, including auditory, visual, tactile, and olfactory information. In this example, it is important for soldiers to concentrate their auditory attention in a moment of stress on recognizing and processing orders from their superior officer.

Question 4

Adam's research study is examining the influence of mainstream media on the perceptions of Arab-Americans. He finds that participants have formed unconscious associations between Arabic names and threatening words such as 'violence'.
What type of social cognition methodology is Adam conducting to study these associations?

Accepted Answer

An Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a social cognition methodology that examines the unconscious associations between mental representations of concepts in memory.
Key Takeaway: An IAT is an important social cognition methodology to test the connection between mental representations of concepts in memory. An IAT can help uncover not only an existing connection but its strength as well. If Adam's participants have made a strong unconscious (implicit) association between an Arabic sounding name and threatening words, they will choose those words more readily when prompted than with a non-Arabic sound

Question 5

A mental category that groups objects and relationships in the brain by their common properties is called a(an) ___________________.

Accepted Answer

A mental category that groups objects and relationships in the brain by their common properties is called a concept.
Key Takeaway: Concepts are mental categories that help our brains group objects that have common properties. Your brain groups spoons, knives, cups, and plates under the larger concept of kitchen utensil. These objects have a common property of helping you prepare food in the kitchen. Having siblings, friends, and spouses is also grouped under the concept of interpersonal relationships. These interpersonal relationships have you and your relationship with these people as a common property.

Question 6

Catherine's previous boss at Deloitte Consulting praised her high sense of self-efficacy. This means that she was likely to _____________ whenever she faced a challenge or a failure.

Accepted Answer

Catherine's previous boss at Deloitte Consulting praised her high sense of self-efficacy. This means that she was likely to cope very well while involving team members whenever she faced a challenge or a failure.
Key Takeaway: People with a high sense of self-efficacy have excellent coping skills and are likely to triumph despite challenges or failures. They tend to see an opportunity in every complication and use all their personal and other resources to solve the complication. They are also skilled in involving their team members in solving problems as they value the input and experience of others. Highly self-sufficient people are less likely to avoid tasks or hide their failures.

Question 7

Susan alternates between eating large amounts of food and then throwing up. She is suffering from an eating disorder called _____________.

Accepted Answer

Susan alternates between eating large amounts of food and then throwing up. She is suffering from an eating disorder call bulimia.
Key Takeaway: Bulimia is an eating disorder that interferes with normal eating behaviors and motivation. Young women in their teens are much more likely to suffer from bulimia and twice as many women as men. Concerns about body image and wanting to be thin is a trigger for many with the disorder. Others may not have body image issues but could be under lots of stress which they try to control by binging and purging food.

Question 8

In a parallel distributed processing (PDP) connectionist model, objects or events are represented by a pattern of:

Accepted Answer

In a parallel distributed processing (PDP) connectionist model, objects or events are represented by a pattern of activation across nodes.
Key Takeaway: In a PDP connectionist model, objects or events are represented by activation across nodes. This model is important in explaining how cognitive processes such as understanding common qualities of objects are processed through neural communication.

Question 9

Alda has been showing early signs of memory loss and reduced cognitive ability. His doctors recommend a special type of neuroimaging that examines the flow of oxygenated blood and glucose metabolism in the brain. What is this imaging called?

Accepted Answer

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) neuroimaging examines the flow of oxygenated blood and glucose metabolism in the brain.
Key Takeaway: PET imaging is very useful in examining the brains of people suffering from early signs of memory loss and reduced cognitive ability. PETs provide images of the brain that indicated reduced blood flow and glucose metabolism which may point to a disease such as Alzheimer's or an event such as a stroke or an aneurysm. PET imaging is used as one of the tests to uncover where the reduced cognitive ability may be stemming from in the brain.

Question 10

Detective Benn is a criminal psychologist who is interested in juvenile precursors to adult murders. He is most likely interested in ______________________.

Accepted Answer

Detective Benn is a criminal psychologist who is interested in juvenile precursors to adult murders. He is most likely interested in sociopsychological determinants of homicidal behavior in adulthood.
Key Takeaway: Criminal psychologists are always interested in the childhood experiences of serious criminals. Research studies into the earlier lives of serial killers, for example, show that many of them have been exposed to severe physical, mental and sexual abuse as young children. These studies do not excuse their adult behavior but they shed light on the potentially long term damaging effects of childhood abuse. The implication of this research is that child abuse cases should be taken seriously in order to reduce the chance that these children will become serious adult offenders.

Question 11

Jean Piaget's theory of child cognitive development presents stages in which skills are adopted. The first stage is ______________.
A)preoperational
B)concrete operations
C)sensorimotor
D)preoperational

Accepted Answer

Jean Piaget's theory of child cognitive development presents stages in which skills are adopted. The first stage is sensorimotor.
Key Takeaway: Jean Piaget developed a sequential stage system to explain children's cognitive development from birth until adolescence. The first stage is called the sensorimotor stage and it is from birth until approximately 2 years. The second stage is from 2 years until 7 years and is called the preoperational stage. The third stage is called concrete operations and is thought to last until age 11. The fourth and final stage is termed formal operations and is presumed to begin at 11 and continue into the child's adolescent years.

Question 12

Josh is running through campus in preparation from his Friday night football game but stumbles and falls, injuring his right knee. After an initial sharpness, the pain in his knee subsides to a dull ache. ___________ are chemicals released by the brain in reaction to a painful injury.

Accepted Answer

Endorphins are chemicals released by the brain in reaction to a painful injury.
Key Takeaway: Endorphins are chemicals released by the brain when a person is engaging in strenuous exercise or when they have been injured or otherwise in pain. Endorphins act like opiates in the brain in that they are painkillers that also provide a general feeling of well-being.

Question 13

Adams approaches concerns about human behavior from the viewpoint that emphasizes the role of bodily functions associated with feelings, actions, and thoughts. Dr. Adams most likely uses the following approach:

Accepted Answer

The biological approach to human behavior emphasizes the role of bodily functions associated with feelings, actions, and thoughts.
Key Takeaway: The biological approach to human behavior gives much importance and weight to the role of bodily functions in these behavior. For example, serotonin is a chemical in the brain that is associated with depressive behavior when it is low. Similarly, endorphins are thought of as 'feel good' chemicals that are triggered in moments of happiness.

Question 14

Receptors for sour, salty, sweet and bitter tastes are located on the ________________________.

Accepted Answer

Receptors for sour, salty, sweet and bitter tastes are located on the tongue, throat, cheeks and mouth roof.
Key Takeaway: Taste receptors (sour, salty, sweet, bitter) are located on the sides of the tongue, the throat, the cheeks, and the roof of the mouth. Taste perception is a type of chemoreception of food, minerals and some toxic materials. Taste is a chemical process whereby the food particles are dissolved in the mouth and the chemoreceptors in these locations transfer these signals to the brain whereby the actual taste is identified.

Question 15

"Monkey see, monkey do" is an example of ______________.

Accepted Answer

"Monkey see, monkey do" is an example of vicarious learning.
Key Takeaway: Vicarious learning is another example of observational learning. This type of learning is most associated with the psychologist Albert Bandura. To develop new skills, vicarious learning occurs through copying of someone else's behavior. Vicarious learning is used extensively in teaching music skills, for example.

Question 16

In the early 20th century, psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler developed the term 'schizophrenia' to describe mental conditions whereby____________.

Accepted Answer

In the early 20th century, psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler developed the term 'schizophrenia' to describe mental conditions whereby people escape painful events by deliberately forgetting them.
Key Takeaway: The term 'schizophrenia' was developed to describe mental conditions where people push traumatic events out of their minds. Bleuler was interested in showing that this new mental condition is different from dementia as it was believed at that.

Quiz 34: (AP) Psychology: Part B