Vertical Nonprice Restraints, Such as Territorial Restraints Imposed by Producers

Vertical nonprice restraints, such as territorial restraints imposed by producers on retailers, have, in recent years, been viewed by the Supreme Court:

A) as per se illegal
B) as per se illegal if tied to a customer restriction, otherwise a rule of reason analysis is applied
C) under a rule of reason usually sympathetic to the producer
D) under a rule of reason usually sympathetic to the retailer
E) as per se legal