Question 1

A discrepancy between the self-concept and the ideal self results in
A)ego defense mechanisms
B)resistance
C)incongruence
D)subception

Accepted Answer

Incongruence refers to the discrepancy or mismatch between the self-concept (how we see ourselves) and the ideal self (how we wish to be). This concept is central to Carl Rogers' humanistic approach to psychology, which emphasizes the importance of self-awareness and the alignment of one's self-concept with their ideal self for healthy psychological development.

Question 2

Subception was defined by Rogers as
A)the underlying empathic linkage between client and therapist
B)the process of perceiving stimuli without an awareness of the perception
C)a discrepancy between the organismic self and the ideal self
D)a discrepancy between the actualizing

Accepted Answer

Subception was defined by Carl Rogers as the process of perceiving stimuli without an awareness of the perception. This concept is related to the idea that individuals can sense and be influenced by stimuli that they are not consciously aware of.

Question 3

George has a low perception of himself. To increase his self-concept, his parents and teacher continually praise and compliment him. Rogers believed that such praise and compliments are most likely to
A)enhance george's self-esteem
B)reinforce george's negative behaviour
C)be easily accepted into george's self- concept
D)be distorted by george

Accepted Answer

Rogers believed that individuals with a low self-concept might distort positive feedback because it is incongruent with their self-view. Thus, despite the intentions, George might not easily accept the praise and compliments as they conflict with his perception of himself.

Question 4

Rogers believed that, for psychologically healthy individuals,
A)the self and experience are congruent
B)denial of organismic functioning is essential
C)the ideal self replaces the real self
D)an incongruence exists between their organismic self and their ideal self

Accepted Answer

Rogers posited that psychologically healthy individuals experience congruence between their self-concept and their experiences, meaning their understanding of themselves is consistent with their actual experiences.

Question 5

Which statement is consistent with Roger's theory?
A)self-regard is originally dependent on self concept
B)once achieved, self-regard can exist independently of others' opinions and attitudes
C)self-regard is symptomatic of malignant egoism
D)self-regard stems from the negative appraisals received from others

Accepted Answer

According to Carl Rogers' theory, self-regard, or self-esteem, can become independent of the opinions of others once an individual achieves a strong sense of self. Rogers emphasized the importance of self-actualization and believed that individuals could reach a point where their self-worth is not contingent on external validation.

Question 6

An unawareness of a discrepancy between self and experience leads to
A)psychological health
B)anxiety
C)vulnerability
D)guilt

Accepted Answer

The answer of An unawareness of a discrepancy between self...

Question 7

Which statement is most consistent with Roger's concept of humanity?
A)people have a natural tendency to move toward actualization
B)people move inevitably toward actualization
C)people move inevitably toward self-actualization
D)people are free to become what they will

Accepted Answer

Roger's concept of humanity emphasizes that people have an inherent tendency to move toward actualization, but it is not inevitable, as it requires certain conditions to be met.

Question 8

Shaping complex behaviour through Operant conditioning usually includes which procedure?
A)classical conditioning
B)punishment
C)cognitive mediation
D)successive approximation

Accepted Answer

Successive approximation, also known as shaping, is a procedure in operant conditioning where complex behaviors are learned through reinforcing behaviors that are successively closer to the target behavior.

Question 9

Any aversive condition that when removed from a situation increases the probability that a given behaviour will occur is a
A)negative reinforcer
B)positive reinforcer
C)reward
D)negative punishment

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus following a behavior, which increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future. It is different from positive reinforcement, which involves adding a pleasant stimulus to encourage behavior, and from punishment, which aims to reduce the occurrence of a behavior.

Question 10

A bricklayer is paid a given amount of money for every brick laid. This procedure most closely approximates which schedule of reinforcement?
A)fixed-ratio
B)variable-ratio
C)fixed-interval
D)variable-interval

Accepted Answer

A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement provides a reward after a specific number of responses. In this case, the bricklayer is paid for every brick laid, which directly corresponds to a fixed-ratio schedule where the "response" is laying a brick.

Question 11

Extinction of a response will occur earliest when learning occurs under which schedule of reinforcement?
A)continuous
B)variable-ratio
C)fixed-interval
D)variable-interval

Accepted Answer

Extinction of a response occurs earliest under a continuous reinforcement schedule because the behavior is reinforced every time it occurs, making it more noticeable when the reinforcement stops.

Question 12

The twin cornerstone of psychoanalytic motivation are
A)sex and security
B)safety and security
C)hunger and sex
D)sex and aggression

Accepted Answer

The twin cornerstones of psychoanalytic motivation, according to Freudian theory, are sex and aggression. These are considered the primary drives or instincts that motivate human behavior.

Question 13

What analogy did Freud use to illustrate the relationship between the ego and the Id?
A)rider and horse
B)groom and bride
C)chicken and egg
D)hammer and anvil

Accepted Answer

Freud used the analogy of a rider and a horse to illustrate the relationship between the ego and the Id, where the ego (rider) tries to control the Id (horse) with its instincts and desires.

Question 14

The id serves the ________ principle
A)pleasure
B)reality
C)moralistic
D)idealistic

Accepted Answer

The id operates according to the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs.

Question 15

Which of these is a manifestation of both sex and aggression?
A)anxiety
B)narcissism
C)masochism
D)love

Accepted Answer

Masochism is a manifestation of both sex and aggression, as it involves deriving pleasure from one's own pain or humiliation, intertwining elements of sexual desire with aggressive impulses.

Question 16

Freud called the mouth, anus, and genitals
A)oedipal strivings
B)erogenous zones
C)the aim of the sexual instinct
D)the aim of the aggressive instinct

Accepted Answer

Freud identified the mouth, anus, and genitals as erogenous zones, which are areas of the body that he believed are particularly sensitive to stimulation and can lead to sexual pleasure. These zones play a central role in his stages of psychosexual development.

Question 17

the guilt a person experiences after violating personal standards of conduct is called _________ anxiety.
A)realistic
B)neurotic
C)manifest
D)moral

Accepted Answer

Moral anxiety is the feeling of guilt that arises when a person does something against their own moral standards or principles.

Quiz 3: Psychology Theories and Concepts

A discrepancy between the self-concept and the ideal self results in

Subception was defined by Rogers as

George has a low perception of himself. To increase his self-concept, his parents and teacher continually praise and compliment him. Rogers believed that such praise and compliments are most likely to

Rogers believed that, for psychologically healthy individuals,

Which statement is consistent with Roger's theory?

An unawareness of a discrepancy between self and experience leads to

Which statement is most consistent with Roger's concept of humanity?

Shaping complex behaviour through Operant conditioning usually includes which procedure?

Any aversive condition that when removed from a situation increases the probability that a given behaviour will occur is a

A bricklayer is paid a given amount of money for every brick laid. This procedure most closely approximates which schedule of reinforcement?

Extinction of a response will occur earliest when learning occurs under which schedule of reinforcement?

The twin cornerstone of psychoanalytic motivation are

What analogy did Freud use to illustrate the relationship between the ego and the Id?

The id serves the ________ principle

Which of these is a manifestation of both sex and aggression?

Freud called the mouth, anus, and genitals

the guilt a person experiences after violating personal standards of conduct is called _________ anxiety.