Question 1

The cognitive approach refers to

Accepted Answer

The cognitive approach in psychology focuses on internal processes such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving as explanations for behavior. It emphasizes how individuals perceive, process, and recall information.

Question 2

The behaviourist approach refers to

Accepted Answer

The behaviourist approach in psychology emphasizes observable behaviors and how they're learned through interaction with the environment, particularly through reinforcement and punishment, rather than internal thoughts, feelings, or biological factors.

Question 3

Joelene is upset and has often felt stressed. She decides to visit a Psychologist, who refers her to a Psychiatrist. Which of the reasons below is not true of Psychiatrists?

Accepted Answer

Psychiatrists are required to complete medical school and obtain a medical degree, not specifically a four-year degree in psychology. Their training focuses on psychiatry, a branch of medicine dealing with mental disorders, after completing medical school.

Question 4

Which of the following is not a behaviourist?

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers is associated with humanistic psychology, not behaviorism, unlike Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner who are key figures in the development of behaviorism.

Question 5

An explanation of behaviour that is not based on scientific methods is called a/an

Accepted Answer

Pseudoscience refers to beliefs, theories, or practices that are claimed to be scientific and factual but are incompatible with the scientific method, often lacking empirical support or built on faulty reasoning or poor scientific methodology.

Question 6

Freud was the founder of which approach to Psychology?

Accepted Answer

Freud is best known for founding the psychoanalytic approach to psychology, which focuses on the role of unconscious processes and childhood experiences in shaping personality and behavior.

Question 7

Mark is visiting a counsellor to deal with anxiety issues. A Cognitive Psychologist would approach therapy of Mark in which way?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive psychologists focus on how we think and process information, so they would likely interview Mark about his thought processes and self-talk to understand and address his anxiety.

Question 8

Anthony is having trouble with his colleagues. Lucky, his workplace has some psychologist on hand for any issues. Anthony decides to go and visit them. The most likely type of Psychologist the workplace has, is a/an:

Accepted Answer

Organisational psychologists specialize in workplace issues, including employee well-being, performance, and organizational dynamics, making them the most likely type of psychologist available in a workplace setting for someone like Anthony.

Question 9

Your school has a goal of students being more prepared for class. For the first time all year, all of your students come to class prepared. How would you use positive reinforcement to try to increase the chance of this behavior happening again?

Accepted Answer

Giving the entire class a free ice cream pass is a form of positive reinforcement because it adds a pleasant stimulus (ice cream) following the desired behavior (coming to class prepared), which increases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.

Question 10

You are potty training your 3 year old daughter. She lets you know every time she needs to use the bathroom, however she is having accidents instead of actually using the toilet. Her pediatrician suggests that you should have her clean her underwear every time she has an accident. You start enforcing this rule, and she has fewer accidents. This is an example of…

Accepted Answer

Having your daughter clean her underwear after accidents is an example of positive punishment. This approach introduces an unfavorable outcome (cleaning underwear) after an undesirable behavior (having accidents), which decreases the likelihood of the behavior happening again.

Question 11

You are trying to train your dog not to jump on guests when they walk into your home. You buy a zap collar at the store, which has a remote that will shock the dog when you push a button. Every time your dog jumps on a person, you push the button, and the dog gets an electric shock. Which scientist's experiments are you most closely replicating?

Accepted Answer

This scenario most closely replicates the experiments of B.F. Skinner, who is known for his work on operant conditioning. Skinner's experiments involved teaching animals to perform certain behaviors through the use of reinforcements or punishments. In this case, the electric shock acts as a punishment to decrease the likelihood of the dog jumping on guests.

Question 12

Shyam is very orderly in the way he lives, and also very miserly with his money. According to Freud, these traits are associated with fixation at the _____________ stage of development.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, the anal stage is where these traits can develop. If a child experiences issues during toilet training, it can lead to traits of orderliness and miserliness in adulthood, which Freud described as anal-retentive characteristics.

Question 13

Each of the following is part of the definition of psychotherapy except

Accepted Answer

Psychotherapy involves the use of psychological methods, not medical treatment methods, by a trained professional based on psychological theory. Medical treatment methods would typically refer to pharmacotherapy or other physical interventions, which are distinct from psychotherapy.

Question 14

According to the Association to the Association for Advancement of Behaviour Therapy, each of the following is an ethical consideration in the use of psychotherapy except

Accepted Answer

Splitting fees, or fee splitting, is not considered an ethical consideration by the Association for Advancement of Behaviour Therapy. It refers to the practice of sharing fees between professionals for referrals, which can raise ethical concerns about the motivation behind referrals rather than focusing on the client's best interest. The other options (goals of treatment, choice of treatment methods, and client confidentiality) are all recognized ethical considerations in psychotherapy.

Question 15

Ann's psychoanalytic therapist asks her to lie on a coach and talk about whatever comes to mind. The technique being used by her therapist is

Accepted Answer

Free association is a technique used in psychoanalysis where the patient is encouraged to verbalize thoughts as they occur, without censorship or filtering, to uncover unconscious thoughts and feelings.

Question 16

According to Freud, when the patient reacts to the therapist in ways that resemble how he or she would react to other authority figures, the process is called

Accepted Answer

Transference is the process described by Freud where patients project feelings and attitudes from past relationships onto the therapist, treating them as if they were significant others from their life, such as parents or other authority figures.

Question 17

In psychoanalysis, the release of emotional energy related to unconscious conflicts is called

Accepted Answer

Catharsis refers to the process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions. In psychoanalysis, it is specifically related to the release of emotional energy connected to unconscious conflicts.

Question 18

According to Rogers, the ability of the therapist to share the client's emotions is an important process called

Accepted Answer

Empathy is the ability of the therapist to understand and share the feelings of the client, which Carl Rogers emphasized as crucial in the therapeutic process.

Question 19

The role of the client-centered therapist is to

Accepted Answer

Client-centered therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, emphasizes creating a supportive, non-judgmental environment. This approach allows clients to express their feelings and thoughts openly, facilitating personal growth and self-understanding.

Question 20

Which of the following techniques is a client-centered therapist most likely to use?

Accepted Answer

Client-centered therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, emphasizes understanding and reflecting the client's feelings and thoughts, which is known as reflection.

Quiz 1: Psychology and Psychotherapy