Question 1

When the lipoprotein carrying cholesterol in the bloodstream is oxidized, it releases cholesterol to the inner linings or walls of arteries. Which disease is associated with the accumulation of this cholesterol plaque on the artery walls?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of cholesterol as plaque in artery walls can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.

Question 2

Which type of fat structurally contains no double bonds between the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fat contains no double bonds between the carbon atoms. Instead, all of the carbons are fully saturated with hydrogen atoms.

Question 3

When comparing saturated fats, which provides the most beneficial effect on cholesterol levels by decreasing low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and decreasing the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)?

Accepted Answer

Tropical oils contain stearic acid, which has been shown to have beneficial effects on cholesterol levels when compared to other types of saturated fat. However, when compared to unsaturated fat, stearic acid increases LDLs, decreases HDLs, and increases the ratio of total cholesterol to HDLs.

Question 4

Which of the following is a good example of a monounsaturated fat?

Accepted Answer

Palm oil is a saturated fat, and walnuts and shrimp are good examples of polyunsaturated fats.

Question 5

Which essential fatty acid is rarely found to be deficient as it is typically consumed in abundance in the majority of diets?

Accepted Answer

Linoleic acid, or omega-6 fatty acids, are consumed easily in the diet from sources like canola oil, soybean oil, flaxseed, and green leafy vegetables.

Question 6

Due to the cardiovascular health-related benefits of essential fatty acid consumption, what does the American Heart Association recommend for omega-6 fatty acid consumption?

Accepted Answer

Even though omega-3 and omega-6 are used to make eicosanoids with competing actions, the American Heart Association still recommends high intake of both types. The recommendation for omega-6 fatty acids is 5% to 10% of total calories.

Question 7

Why do manufacturers use hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated fats in their products?

Accepted Answer

The hydrogenation process makes the fat solid at room temperature and decreases the rate of oxidation. Therefore the shelf stability of the product is increased.

Question 8

Which of the following might be noted on the blood work of a patient who consumes high amounts of trans fats?

Accepted Answer

Trans fat consumption is associated with elevation of LDL levels, which may contribute to increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Question 9

Which of the following food sources may promote removal of cholesterol from cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Egg yolks are a good source of the phospholipid lecithin, a major component of high-density lipoprotein, which is associated with removing cholesterol from cell membranes.

Question 10

In what cells does the body store excess fat that is consumed in the diet?

Accepted Answer

Fat is stored as triglycerides in adipocytes.

Question 11

Which of the following correctly describes the function of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in the lipid digestion process?

Accepted Answer

VLDL transports triglycerides to cells needing energy or adipose tissue for storage. Lipoprotein lipase cleaves fatty acids when triglycerides are broken down by working cells. Beta oxidation is also a process by which fatty acids can be broken down to produce energy. Chylomicrons transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins through the thoracic duct into the heart.

Question 12

Sam is following an eating plan in which he consumes 2,000 calories per day with his calories distributed using the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR). Based on this information, how many of Sam's calories each day come from fat?

Accepted Answer

The AMDR for fat is 20% to 35% of total calories.

Question 13

Which of the following measures is considered a significant risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis?

Accepted Answer

High cholesterol levels, but in particular high LDL levels due to its susceptibility to oxidation, are considered to be significant risk factors of atherosclerosis development.

Question 14

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of fat adaptation?

Accepted Answer

Fat loading will increase fat oxidation during exercise. Expending fat energy during exercise may result in glycogen sparing.

Question 15

Which of the following might be considered a potential drawback to using dietary periodization while training for an endurance event?

Accepted Answer

While research is equivocal in endurance athletes, whole-body fat oxidation does appear to increase in well-trained athletes. Some athletes will experience decreased performance due to factors like fatigue from reduced muscle glycogen stores.

Question 16

Which of the following are considered to be functions of lipids in the body? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Lipids serve many functions, including being a readily available source of energy during caloric deprivation, providing protection of vital bones and organs, providing a means for absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, acting as a precursor to hormones, and serving as a key component in cell membrane structure.

Question 17

Which of the following is a health-related benefit associated with the consumption of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) omega-3 fatty acids? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Consumption of DHA and EPA has been shown to reduce blood clotting, dilate blood vessels, reduce inflammation, reduce cholesterol and triglyceride levels, assist in eye and brain development in the late stages of pregnancy, and possibly preserve brain function and decrease risk of mental illness and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Question 18

Which of the following are included in the daily reference intake (DRI) recommended intakes for fats? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

All responses are the DRI recommendations. In addition, the AI for omega-6 is 17 g for men and 12 g for women.

Question 19

The Mediterranean diet contains significantly more calories from fat than the American Heart Association recommends; however, the Mediterranean diet is associated with decreased risk of heart disease, stroke, several forms of cancer, and possibly Alzheimer's disease. Which of the following are characteristics of the Mediterranean diet? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

The Mediterranean diet is characterized by low intakes of red meat, refined grains, and sweets and higher intakes of fatty fish, nuts, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, red wine, and monosaturated fat from olive oil.

Question 20

Which of the following key points would an allied health professional want to share when discussing nutrition with their clients? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Key points to discuss with a client about nutrition include choosing liquid fat over solid fat whenever possible, consuming no more than 10% of daily calories from saturated fats, and balancing calories by eating high-quality foods from a variety of different sources.

Quiz 3: Fats