Question 1

In the United States,nearly 80 percent of children grow up __________.

Accepted Answer

The majority of children in the United States grow up with at least one sibling, making option C the correct choice. This is based on demographic studies and census data which show that sibling households are common in the U.S.

Question 2

Newborns' remarkable capacity for __________ supports the beginnings of self-awareness.

Accepted Answer

Intermodal perception is the ability to integrate information from various senses, which supports the beginnings of self-awareness in newborns by helping them understand their bodies and the environment around them.

Question 3

Amy,the mother of 3-year-old Jacoby,is about to give birth to her second son.Amy and her husband are concerned about sibling conflict.They can best promote a positive relationship between their sons by __________.

Accepted Answer

Helping Jacoby understand the baby's point of view can promote empathy and understanding between siblings. This can help reduce conflict and jealousy towards the new sibling. Consistently ignoring Jacoby's demands for attention, reassuring him that he is still the favorite, or excluding him from baby care can all lead to feelings of neglect and resentment towards the new baby.

Question 4

Paternal availability to children is fairly similar across U.S.SES and ethnic groups,with one exception: __________ fathers spend __________ time engaged with their infants and young children.

Accepted Answer

Hispanic fathers spend more time engaged with their infants and young children compared to other U.S. SES and ethnic groups, making them the exception.

Question 5

In Western cultures,__________ spend more time with and interact more effectively with infants.

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that fathers who have supportive, cooperative coparenting relationships with their partners tend to spend more time with their infants and interact more effectively with them, regardless of marital status or traditional gender-role beliefs.

Question 6

Research on child care in infancy has found that __________.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the relationship between child care and emotional well-being in infancy depends on both family and child-care experiences. While some studies have found an increased risk for attachment insecurity among infants in nonparental child care, other studies have found no negative effects or even positive effects on social and emotional development. The quality of both parenting and child care play important roles in shaping children's outcomes.

Question 7

Today,fathers spend about __________ as much time caring for children as fathers did in 1965.

Accepted Answer

According to a Pew Research Center analysis of American Time Use Survey (ATUS) data, fathers today spend about three times as much time on childcare as fathers did in 1965. In 1965, fathers spent an average of just 2.5 hours a week on childcare. In 2016, that number had risen to 7.3 hours a week.

Question 8

Implicit self-awareness is evident at __________.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that implicit self-awareness typically emerges around 4 months of age. This is when infants begin to realize that their body movements are their own and they can control them. Before this age, infants may exhibit reflexive movements without conscious awareness of their body or self.

Question 9

Interactional synchrony is __________.

Accepted Answer

Interactional synchrony refers to the coordinated and reciprocal interactions between a caregiver and an infant during face-to-face play. Studies have suggested that interactions characterized by high levels of synchrony are more likely to be experienced by securely attached infants with their caregivers, whereas those that lack synchrony appear to be more characteristic of insecure attachment relationships. Therefore, option C is the best choice because it closely describes the relationship between interactional synchrony and attachment security.

Question 10

Mothers tend to devote more time to __________,fathers to __________.

Accepted Answer

Research shows that mothers often spend more time on the physical care of children, such as feeding and bathing, while fathers tend to engage more in playful interactions, such as playing games and sports.

Question 11

About __________ of siblings establish similar attachment patterns with their parent.

Accepted Answer

Two-thirds of siblings establish similar attachment patterns with their parent, influenced by shared family environments and parental behavior.

Question 12

Mounting evidence indicates that __________ determines whether attachment security is linked to later development.

Accepted Answer

Continuity of caregiving, or consistency in the child's primary caregiver(s), has consistently been found to be the most important factor in determining whether attachment security is linked to later development. This means that if a child consistently receives care from a nurturing, responsive caregiver, they are more likely to develop a secure attachment, and this attachment will be more predictive of positive outcomes later in life. On the other hand, if a child experiences numerous changes in caregivers or a lack of responsiveness from their primary caregiver, their attachment security may not be as strongly linked to later development. Authoritarian parenting styles, the length of the parents' marriage, and the amount of time the child spends with the mother have each been examined as potential factors in attachment and development, but they have not been found to have as consistent or strong of an influence as continuity of caregiving.

Question 13

Cross-cultural research suggests that attachment security depends on __________.

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural research consistently shows that attachment security is closely linked to the quality of caregiving, particularly the level of sensitivity and responsiveness shown by primary caregivers to a child's needs. Children who receive attentive, sensitive, and consistently responsive caregiving are more likely to develop secure attachments. Other choices such as playful interaction, restriction of exploration, and physical control do not have as strong a correlation with attachment security.

Question 14

In one study,children who were rated as __________ by their caregivers and who attended __________ showed a sharp increase in cortisol levels across the child-care day.

Accepted Answer

The study found that children who were rated as highly fearful by their caregivers and who attended child-care centers for full days showed a sharp increase in cortisol levels across the child-care day. The other choices do not align with the findings of the study.

Question 15

Baby Nathan is most likely to develop attachments to __________.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that infants are likely to develop attachments to a variety of familiar people, not just their mothers or primary caregivers. This can include fathers, grandparents, siblings, and other caretakers who consistently provide care and attention to the infant. Therefore, option B is the most appropriate choice. Option A, C, and D are not entirely accurate as infants can bond with multiple caregivers and not just one caregiver or suffer from separation anxiety when one caregiver is unavailable.

Question 16

__________ is best described as a sensitively tuned "emotional dance."

Accepted Answer

Interactional synchrony involves the coordinated and rhythmic interactions between caregivers and infants, which can be seen as an emotional dance where each partner is attuned to the other's emotional states and responds in kind. This type of sensitive responsiveness is thought to promote secure attachment and emotional regulation in infants.

Question 17

__________ fosters attachment security.

Accepted Answer

Social support, such as having close and nurturing relationships with caregivers, family members, and friends, has been linked to promoting attachment security in children. Full-time child care and larger family size are not necessarily correlated with attachment security, and authoritarian discipline has actually been associated with lower levels of attachment security.

Question 18

In Western cultures,paternal __________.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that paternal warmth and secure attachment are positively associated with higher academic achievement in children in Western cultures.

Question 19

Among maltreated infants,__________ attachment is especially common.

Accepted Answer

Maltreated infants often have disorganized/disoriented attachment due to the inconsistent and unpredictable caregiving they receive, which leads to confusion and a lack of a consistent strategy for dealing with their caregiver. Secure attachment is less common among maltreated infants as their experiences with caregivers are often negative and unreliable, which makes it difficult for them to form secure attachments. Insecure-avoidant attachment may also be common among maltreated infants as they may learn to suppress their attachment needs in order to protect themselves from further harm, and insecure-resistant attachment may occur if the infant becomes overly clingy and attached to the caregiver in an effort to get their needs met. However, disorganized/disoriented attachment is the most common among maltreated infants.

Question 20

Parents who discuss their childhoods with objectivity and balance,regardless of whether their experiences were positive or negative,tend to have __________ infants.

Accepted Answer

Parents who discuss their childhood experiences with objectivity and balance tend to create a secure attachment with their infants. Secure attachment is crucial for a child's healthy emotional and social development.

Quiz 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood