Question 1

Which toddler would be most likely to display an earlier capacity to comply with adult requests?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that children from collectivist cultures, often found in non-Western, rural settings, tend to comply with adult requests at an earlier age compared to their counterparts in individualistic, Western cultures. This is due to the emphasis on communal values and interdependence. Rural Cameroon, representing a non-Western, collectivist culture, would likely foster these traits more so than the urban and Western contexts of Greece, Germany, and England.

Question 2

What is the goodness-of-fit model? Explain the relationship between temperament and child rearing.

Accepted Answer

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Question 3

A researcher places a red dot on 2-year-old Raven's nose.When she looks into a mirror,she tries to rub the dot off of her nose rather than off of the mirror.This behavior indicates that she has developed __________.

Accepted Answer

Children who recognize themselves in a mirror, such as attempting to touch or remove a mark on their face, display self-recognition. This typically occurs around 18-24 months of age and is a sign of developing self-awareness. Option A, effortful control, refers to a child's ability to regulate their emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. Option B, categorical self, refers to the development of understanding oneself in terms of categories such as age, gender, and race. Option C, continuity of control, is not a recognized developmental concept.

Question 4

Two-year-old Vanessa attempts to put her doll's jacket on herself.She then attempts to sit in her doll's highchair.Vanessa is displaying __________.

Accepted Answer

Vanessa's attempts to put her doll's jacket on herself and sit in the doll's highchair demonstrate scale errors, which are common in early childhood. Scale errors occur when children apply a learned action (such as putting on a jacket) to a context where it is not appropriate (such as trying to put on a doll's jacket). This indicates that Vanessa is still developing a sense of the appropriate scale of objects and actions in her environment.

Question 5

When anxious or unhappy,Baby Meredith prefers to be comforted by her mother.Tim,her father,is concerned that Meredith will not become attached to him.What information can you provide to reassure Tim?

Accepted Answer

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Question 6

Describe separation anxiety.When does it occur?

Accepted Answer

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Question 7

Define social referencing.How do babies use it to guide their actions and gather information about the emotions of others?

Accepted Answer

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Question 8

Define temperament.Describe the difficult child,according to Thomas and Chess.Why has the difficult pattern sparked the most research interest?

Accepted Answer

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Question 9

Two-year-old Annmarie tells her mom,"I a good girl." This statement demonstrates that Annmarie is beginning to develop __________.

Accepted Answer

Annmarie's statement "I a good girl" shows that she is beginning to categorize herself as a "good girl," which is an early indication of the development of a categorical self. This is the ability to classify oneself and others into social categories based on characteristics such as age, gender, and behavior. Empathy, self-conscious emotions, and scale errors are not demonstrated by this statement.

Question 10

Between 12 and 18 months,toddlers first become capable of __________.

Accepted Answer

Compliance refers to a toddler's ability to follow simple rules and requests from caregivers, which typically emerges between 12 and 18 months. Intermodal perception refers to the ability to integrate information from different senses, and typically emerges earlier in infancy. An internal working model refers to a cognitive framework for understanding one's relationships with others, and typically develops later in early childhood. Goodness of fit refers to the match between a child's temperament and the demands and expectations of their environment, and is not a skill or ability that a toddler develops.

Question 11

Describe the development of explicit self-awareness.Include discussion of the concepts of self-recognition and scale errors.

Accepted Answer

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Quiz 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood