In recent years there has been a movement toward summative and norm -referenced achievement and away from formative and criterion-referenced testing in education.

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The trend in education has been moving towards more formative and criterion-referenced assessments, which focus on monitoring student learning to provide ongoing feedback that can be used by instructors to improve their teaching and by students to improve their learning, rather than solely relying on summative and norm-referenced tests that compare students against each other at the end of a learning period.

In Recent Years There Has Been a Movement Toward Summative