Question 1

A baby's first smile,which can occur in newborns less than a week old,is most likely due to

Accepted Answer

The first smiles of newborns, often occurring in the first week, are primarily reflexive and attributed to central nervous system activity rather than a response to social interactions or environmental stimuli.

Question 2

Baby Melanie smiles,giggles,and laughs frequently with both her parents as well as other caregivers;Baby Jerome does not.All else being equal,we can predict from this that

Accepted Answer

Baby Melanie's frequent smiling, giggling, and laughing indicate a positive temperament that is likely to facilitate positive interactions with her parents and caregivers. On the other hand, baby Jerome's lack of such positive emotions may make it harder for him to bond with his parents and may require more effort on the part of the parents to engage him. However, this does not mean that Jerome will never be happy, as temperament can change over time and is not a fixed trait.

Question 3

Geoffrey is 6 months of age,has attentive parents,and has learned

Accepted Answer

At 6 months of age, crying is the only form of communication that Geoffrey has mastered. Attentive parents are likely to respond to his cries, which reinforces that crying is an effective way to get attention or have his needs met. Therefore, he may learn to cry harder when ignored, as it has been successful in the past. It is not likely that he has learned to not cry, as this is his primary means of communication. It is also unlikely that he is spoiled or only cries when frustrated as babies cry for a variety of reasons.

Question 4

Dick and Karen's infant son,Jeremy,appears to show signs of contentment,interest,and distress.Jeremy is probably

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dick and Karen's infant son,Jeremy,appears to show...

Question 5

Theory and research suggest that the process of emotional development is a(n)__________________ one.

Accepted Answer

Theory and research suggest that emotional development follows a fairly predictable and orderly pattern, with certain emotions emerging at particular stages of development.

Question 6

When her mother came into the room,Constance was laughing out loud at the dog's antics.Constance continues to laugh and look at her mother and then the dog.This is an example of a(n)______ smile.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When her mother came into the room,Constance...

Question 7

Sadness,joy,and fear are examples of

Accepted Answer

Sadness, joy, and fear are all emotions, which are complex psychological and physiological responses to stimuli that can include physiological changes, behavioral responses, and subjective experiences. Motivation, personality, and environment can all affect emotions, but they are not the same thing as emotions themselves.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about emotions is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Infants can express emotions from birth, and in fact, they use a variety of nonverbal cues such as crying, facial expressions, and body movements to communicate their emotional states.

Question 9

Personality development intertwined with social relationships is what is meant by _______ development.

Accepted Answer

Personality development is heavily influenced by the social relationships one has throughout their lifetime, thus the term psychosocial development is used to describe this intertwined process.

Question 10

According to research cited in your text,what is the best way to respond to an infant's crying?

Accepted Answer

Responding regularly with tender, soothing care to an infant's crying is considered the best approach. This response helps in building a sense of security and trust between the infant and the caregiver, contributing to healthy emotional and psychological development. Ignoring or delaying response can lead to increased stress for the infant and potentially hinder the development of a secure attachment.

Question 11

One of the first cries with which new parents are likely to become familiar is the infant's rhythmic cry,which is often associated with

Accepted Answer

The rhythmic cry is often associated with hunger as it is a repetitive cry that babies use to communicate their need for food. It is characterized by short cries that are separated by brief pauses.

Question 12

Pride,guilt,and shame are identified as the emotions of

Accepted Answer

Pride, guilt and shame are emotions that involve evaluating oneself against a standard or expectation, and therefore fall under the category of self-evaluation. They are all associated with the recognition of one's own actions, thoughts or behaviors and how they measure up against one's personal or societal values, beliefs and expectations.

Question 13

Two-week-old Jamie is lying quietly in her bassinet.Suddenly she utters a loud,piercing cry and holds her breath.She is probably

Accepted Answer

A loud, piercing cry followed by holding the breath is often a sign of pain in infants. Hunger may result in crying, but there is usually no holding of breath. Anger and frustration are less likely at this age.

Question 14

Teresa is beginning to show signs that she is cognitively aware that she is a functioning human being,separate from the rest of her world.This is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Self-awareness refers to the ability to recognize oneself as a separate individual, distinct from others in the environment. This includes the cognitive understanding of one's own thoughts, feelings, and actions, and how they relate to the larger world. Self-awareness is an important developmental milestone in human growth and is typically observed in infants around 18-24 months of age. Therefore, Teresa's showing signs of being cognitively aware of her individuality indicates her developing self-awareness.

Question 15

Before a child can display empathy and altruistic behaviors the child needs to have ______ cognition.

Accepted Answer

Empathy and altruistic behaviors involve understanding and responding to the emotions and needs of others, which requires social cognition. Piagetian and intelligent cognition may be important for other aspects of cognitive development, but they are not directly related to empathy and altruism. While empathy is related to understanding and experiencing the emotions of others, it is not a type of cognition in itself.

Question 16

A relatively consistent blend of emotions,temperament,thoughts,and behaviors is a person's

Accepted Answer

Personality refers to a unique pattern of characteristics, including emotions, temperament, thoughts, and behaviors, that are relatively consistent over time and across situations. Sociological status refers to a person's position in society, while biological traits refer to physical characteristics determined by genetics. Environment includes various external factors that influence a person's development and behaviors, but it is not a stable and consistent characteristic of an individual.

Question 17

According to the text,some laughter in babies may actually be due to feelings of

Accepted Answer

Laughter in babies can sometimes be a response to fear, as it is a complex emotional response that can serve various functions, including as a coping mechanism or a way to communicate discomfort or unease in a non-threatening manner.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about infants' smiles is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

During the second month of life, infants begin to smile selectively at people they recognize. This is when they start to differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar faces and become more social in their smiling behavior. Option A and B are incorrect as "social smiles" are not present at birth or within the first week of life. Option C is incorrect as social smiling behavior starts much earlier than 8 months of age.

Question 19

Mike and Veronica's baby has been crying from about 2 a.m.till 6 a.m.nearly every night for the past month.When they talk with the pediatrician they are told that the baby probably has

Accepted Answer

Colic is a common condition in infants that can cause excessive crying, usually in the evening or night time. Asperger's disorder and Down syndrome are developmental disorders that would not cause excessive crying, and indigestion may cause discomfort but would not necessarily lead to prolonged and consistent crying for a month.

Question 20

Self-awareness usually emerges by about what age?

Accepted Answer

Self-awareness typically emerges by about 15-24 months of age, as infants start to recognize themselves in mirrors and photographs, indicating they have begun to understand that they are separate entities from others.

Quiz 6: Psychosocial Development During the First Three Years