Question 1

According to Bahrick,__________ refers to a very long-term storage of information.The information contained in this store may include,for example,knowledge of a foreign language and of mathematics acquired years or even decades earlier.

Accepted Answer

Bahrick introduced the concept of "permastore" to describe a form of very long-term memory storage, where information such as language skills and mathematical knowledge can be retained for many years or even decades.

Question 2

__________ refers to a concept that cannot be directly measured or observed but that may be used as a mental representation for understanding the workings of a psychological phenomenon.

Accepted Answer

A hypothetical construct is an inferred concept that is used as a theoretical explanation for a psychological phenomenon. It cannot be directly observed or measured but can be used to understand and explain behavior or mental processes. Examples of hypothetical constructs include intelligence, self-esteem, motivation, and personality traits.

Question 3

The __________ refers to a way of looking at memory storage,which postulates that memory comprises a continuous dimension in which the depth to which information is encoded predicts the ease of retrieving an item.

Accepted Answer

The levels-of-processing framework postulates that the depth to which information is encoded predicts the ease of retrieving an item. This framework posits that memory comprises a continuous dimension in which deeper levels of processing lead to better recall.

Question 4

People's names,where we keep things,and humorous incidents from our childhood are all examples of information held in our __________ store.

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory stores information for a prolonged period of time, potentially indefinitely. People's names, details from our childhood, and other non-essential information are examples of long-term memory. Short-term memory is memory that is held onto for a brief period of time, while working memory is a type of short-term memory that is used while actively processing information. Stable memory is not a commonly recognized term in psychology.

Question 5

Louise put a light bulb on a lamp,turned it on,and looked at it directly.Immediately after that,she looked away and she could still "see" the bulb shining brightly.This visual persistence is an example of the type of information held in the __________ store.

Accepted Answer

The visual persistence described in the scenario is an example of iconic memory, which is a type of sensory memory that briefly holds a mental image of visual stimuli after the stimuli has been removed.

Question 6

How long does unrehearsed material typically remain in the short-term store?

Accepted Answer

Typically, unrehearsed material remains in the short-term store for about 30 seconds. This is because the capacity of the short-term memory is limited and the information needs to be quickly transferred to long-term memory for retention.

Question 7

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968),the __________ store refers to the memory store characterized as having a modest capacity (about seven items)for storing information and a duration for memory storage of only a few seconds.

Accepted Answer

Atkinson and Shiffrin's model of memory proposed three stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. The short-term memory store refers to the memory store with a limited capacity, typically around seven items, and a duration of only a few seconds unless the information is rehearsed or transferred to long-term memory.

Question 8

During his experiments studying iconic store,Sperling would flash an array of stimuli (e.g. ,letters and/or numbers)for approximately 50 milliseconds on a screen.Asked to recall all symbols presented would be an example of the

Accepted Answer

Asking participants to recall all symbols presented after flashing them on a screen for a brief period is an example of the whole-report procedure, where the goal is to measure the capacity and duration of the sensory memory by having subjects report as many of the stimuli as possible.

Question 9

The __________ store refers to a sensory register for the fleeting storage of discrete visual images,usually resembling whatever is being represented.

Accepted Answer

The question refers specifically to visual images, indicating that we are talking about the iconic store. The other options are not relevant to the storage of visual information - the echoic store is for auditory information, the episodic store is for longer-term memories, and while the visual store is a possible name, it is not as specific to the fleeting register of iconic memory.

Question 10

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968),the __________ store refers to the memory store characterized as having the shortest duration for memory storage.

Accepted Answer

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), the sensory store is characterized as having the shortest duration for memory storage.

Question 11

According to the levels-of-processing framework,as originally proposed,if you were shown semantically related words (e.g. ,dog and animal),rhyming words (e.g. ,dog and log),as well as unrelated words,the words most easily recalled would be the

Accepted Answer

The levels-of-processing framework suggests that deeper, more meaningful processing of information leads to better recall. Semantic processing involves making connections between words based on their meanings, while rhyming processing only involves superficial connections based on sound. Therefore, semantically related words should be more easily recalled than rhyming words or unrelated words.

Question 12

The initial discovery of the existence of the iconic store came from a Ph.D.dissertation by

Accepted Answer

George Sperling's research, particularly his experiments on the sensory memory component of the human memory system, led to the initial discovery of the iconic memory store. His work demonstrated the existence and characteristics of this visual memory system.

Question 13

According to the levels-of-processing framework,the deeper the level of processing of information,

Accepted Answer

The levels-of-processing framework suggests that the deeper the level of processing of information, the more likely it is to be stored in long-term memory and retrieved later. Therefore, the higher the probability that the information will be retrieved.

Question 14

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968),the __________ store refers to the memory store characterized as having the greatest capacity for storing information and the longest duration for memory storage.

Accepted Answer

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), the long-term store refers to the memory store characterized as having the greatest capacity for storing information and the longest duration for memory storage.

Question 15

The capacity of our immediate,short-term store for a wide range of items appears to be __________,plus or minus 2 items.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that the capacity of the immediate, short-term store for a wide range of items is around 7, plus or minus 2 items. This is often referred to as Miller's Law or the "Magical Number Seven." Therefore, option C)7 is the best choice.

Question 16

Participants were asked to judge whether words describe them or not.Recall was highest for the items that described the individual.The setup of this experiment demonstrates

Accepted Answer

The setup of the experiment, which asked participants to judge whether words described them or not, is an example of the self-reference effect. This effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals tend to remember information better when it is personally relevant to them or when they can relate it to themselves. This suggests that self-referencing enhances memory encoding and retrieval processes.

Question 17

As tested by a psychologist,the capacity of Jerry's short-term store for a wide range of items appears to be 11 items.Jerry's short-term memory capacity is

Accepted Answer

Jerry's short-term memory capacity is considered above average because the typical capacity for short-term memory in most people is about 7 items, plus or minus 2.

Question 18

A second stimulus is presented shortly after the first item in the same location and "erases" the original stimulus.This is called

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as backward visual masking, where the second stimulus erases the traces of the first stimulus. This is a common technique used in experiments on visual perception to study the processing of visual information. Choice A and B are not relevant to this phenomenon, and Choice C refers to a different aspect of visual perception.

Question 19

During his experiments studying iconic store,Sperling would flash an array of stimuli (e.g. ,letters and/or numbers)for approximately 50 milliseconds on a screen.Asked to recall just the symbols presented on the third line would be an example of the

Accepted Answer

The partial-report procedure involves presenting an array of stimuli, followed by a cue to indicate which specific part of the array the participant should report on. In Sperling's experiments, the cue would indicate which row of the array the participant should recall, making the partial-report procedure the best choice. Backward and forward visual masking involve presenting stimuli before or after the target stimulus to disrupt its processing, while whole-report procedure would require the participant to recall all stimuli rather than just one specific row.

Question 20

__________ memory refers to a portion of memory that may be viewed as a specialized part of long-term memory,which holds only the most recently activated portion of long-term memory,and which moves these activated elements into and out of short-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Working memory refers to a specialized part of long-term memory that maintains and manipulates information for a short period of time. It is responsible for holding the most recently activated portion of long-term memory and moving these activated elements into and out of short-term memory. This type of memory is essential for tasks such as problem-solving, decision-making, and comprehension.

Quiz 5: Memory: Models and Research Methods