Question 1

This type of code for representing information arbitrarily stands for what it represents and does not preserve some of the original features.
A)analogue code
B)hierarchical code
C)deductive code
D)symbolic code

Accepted Answer

Symbolic code stands for what it represents, but it does not preserve some of the original features. This is because it uses symbols or signs to represent ideas or entities, which may not always capture the full complexity or detail of the original information.

Question 2

A scientist who studies classic epistemology would be studying the
A)nature,origin,and limits of mental representation.
B)limits of visual imagery.
C)nature,origin,and limits of human knowledge.
D)nature and origin of semantic knowledge.

Accepted Answer

Classic epistemology is a branch of philosophy concerned with the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge. It explores questions such as what can be known, how knowledge is acquired, and the degree of certainty that can be attained in our beliefs.

Question 3

This type of knowledge is "knowing how" to do something (e.g. ,steps involved in riding a bicycle).
A)declarative knowledge
B)procedural knowledge
C)productive thinking
D)preoperational knowledge

Accepted Answer

Procedural knowledge refers to knowledge about how to perform a task or activity. It involves knowing the steps involved in doing something, such as riding a bicycle, swimming, or tying shoelaces. This kind of knowledge is often acquired through practice and experience, rather than from reading or listening to someone talk about it.

Question 4

Declarative knowledge is one of the two kinds of knowledge structures,which include
A)facts that can be stated.
B)procedures that can be implemented.
C)only knowledge that can be visually represented.
D)only knowledge that cannot be mentally represented.

Accepted Answer

Declarative knowledge refers to knowledge that can be stated and expressed in the form of statements, facts, and propositions. It involves the knowledge of what something is, how it works, or the relationship between things. Therefore, it is the best choice among the given options.

Question 5

This concept states that the relationship between a word and what it represents is arbitrary (e.g. ,there is nothing special about the word "dog" that represents particular aspects of a dog).
A)analogue representation
B)semantic representation
C)deductive code
D)symbolic representation

Accepted Answer

The concept described is that of symbolic representation, which suggests that there is no inherent connection between a word or symbol and what it represents. This means that the word "dog" does not have any inherent qualities that specifically point to a dog; instead, we use it as a symbol to represent the concept of a dog.

Question 6

The dual-code theory states that
A)all information is encoded in the same form and can be called up as either a visual or verbal representation.
B)information is represented in the form of a proposition with two separate ways of encoding information,verbally and nonverbally.
C)some information is represented in a verbal form,some in a nonverbal form,and some is encoded and stored in both forms.
D)all information is either represented in a verbal or in a nonverbal form,but not both.

Accepted Answer

The dual-code theory suggests that information is represented and stored in both verbal and nonverbal forms, rather than just one or the other. This makes option C the most accurate description of the theory.

Question 7

"The U.S.Constitution was ratified in 1789" is an example of __________ knowledge.
A)analogical
B)declarative
C)nondeclarative
D)procedural

Accepted Answer

Declarative knowledge refers to factual information that can be expressed in words, such as historical facts, definitions, and mathematical formulas. The statement "The U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1789" is a fact and can be classified as declarative knowledge.

Question 8

Lee Brooks tested the notion that
A)visual perception could interfere with verbal perception.
B)producing a verbal response could interfere with visual imagery,and visual perception could interfere with mental manipulation of words.
C)producing a verbal response could interfere with mental manipulation of words,and visual perception could interfere with visual imagery.
D)verbal imagery seems to be processed differently than visual imagery.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Lee Brooks tested the notion that
A)visual perception...

Question 9

Debbie is trying to recall the words to the French national anthem.Jim is trying to recall the exact appearance of the Statue of Liberty.If asked,Paivio would probably say that Debbie is retrieving information stored in a(n)__________ code,whereas Jim is retrieving information stored in a(n)__________ code.
A)analogue;symbolic
B)symbolic;analogue
C)visual;verbal
D)symbolic;verbal

Accepted Answer

Paivio's dual-coding theory suggests that information is stored in either verbal (symbolic) or non-verbal (imaginal, which can be considered analogue) forms. Debbie recalling words is a verbal or symbolic task, while Jim recalling an image is a non-verbal or analogue task.

Question 10

This theory of knowledge representation suggests that our mental representations can take one of two forms-something similar to either imagined or verbal.
A)epiphenomena
B)survey
C)dual-code theory
D)propositional

Accepted Answer

The theory being described is the dual-code theory, which suggests that our mental representations can take the form of either visual/imagined or verbal/language-based. This is the basis for how we process and store information in our brain, and has implications for how we learn and remember new information. Choices A, B, and D do not have anything to do with this theory of knowledge representation.

Question 11

According to Allan Paivio,mental representations for words are represented in a(n)__________ code,whereas visual images are represented in a(n)__________ code.
A)symbolic;analogue
B)analogue;symbolic
C)verbal;propositional
D)propositional;verbal

Accepted Answer

Allan Paivio's Dual Coding Theory suggests that mental representations for words are represented in a symbolic code, while visual images are represented in an analogue code. This theory posits that information can be stored in either or both verbal and non-verbal systems, enhancing memory and understanding.

Question 12

According to the propositional theory,
A)imaginal information and verbal information are stored in two separate sets of encoded propositions,each ready to be called up and represented as either verbal or imaginal.
B)only imaginal information is stored in the form of a proposition,whereas verbal information is stored as encoded symbols.
C)both imaginal information and verbal information are stored as encoded
Propositions,ready to be called up and decoded as either verbal or visual.
D)only verbal information is stored in the form of a proposition,whereas imaginal information is stored in the form of raw images.

Accepted Answer

The propositional theory suggests that both imaginal and verbal information are stored as encoded propositions that can be retrieved and represented as either verbal or visual information. This means that both types of information are stored in a similar way in the brain.

Question 13

The dual-code theory was first proposed by
A)Stephen Kosslyn.
B)Allan Paivio.
C)Lee Brooks.
D)John Anderson.

Accepted Answer

The dual-code theory was proposed by Allan Paivio in 1971. It suggests that information is processed and stored in two separate codes - verbal and imaginal - which work together to enhance memory and cognitive processing.

Question 14

The propositional theory was once championed by __________ and __________.
A)Herbert Clark;Stephen Kosslyn
B)Zenon Pylyshyn;Stephen Reed
C)Deborah Chambers;Daniel Reisberg
D)John Anderson;Gordon Bower

Accepted Answer

John Anderson and Gordon Bower were the leading proponents of propositional theory in the 20th century.

Question 15

__________ proposed the idea that mental images are epiphenomena and that we manipulate images using a propositional code,not an analogous one.
A)Stephen Reed
B)Zenon Pylyshyn
C)Mary Peterson
D)Daniel Reisberg

Accepted Answer

The idea that mental images are epiphenomena and that we manipulate images using a propositional code, not an analogous one, was proposed by Zenon Pylyshyn.

Question 16

This type of code for representing information preserves some feature of what is being represented (e.g. ,a model showing the paths & distances from the sun of the various planets).
A)analogue code
B)hierarchical code
C)deductive code
D)symbolic code

Accepted Answer

Analogue code represents information in a way that preserves some feature of what is being represented, just like the example provided of a model showing the paths and distances of planets from the sun.

Question 17

Imagery includes
A)only visual representations.
B)representations perceived through all the senses.
C)only visual,auditory,and taste representations.
D)only visual and auditory representations.

Accepted Answer

Imagery refers to mental representations of sensory experiences, not just visual or auditory, but also those perceived through touch, taste, and smell. Therefore, the best choice is B, as it encompasses all the senses.

Question 18

According to some researchers,which of the following forms of imagery do we seem to use most often?
A)tactile (touch)
B)auditory
C)visual
D)olfactory (smell)

Accepted Answer

Studies suggest that visual imagery is the most common form of mental imagery used by individuals. This may be due to the fact that humans are highly visual beings, and much of our sensory input comes from the visual system. While other forms of imagery, such as auditory or tactile, can also be powerful, the majority of people tend to rely on visual imagery in day-to-day life.

Question 19

This concept suggests that images are simply a result (a byproduct)or other cognitive processes.
A)epiphenomena
B)percept
C)construals
D)deductive code

Accepted Answer

The concept of epiphenomena suggests that images are simply a byproduct of other cognitive processes, in this case, cognitive processes related to perception. Epiphenomena are phenomena that are incidental to the main phenomenon, in this case, cognitive processes related to perception. Therefore, A) is the best choice. Percept refers to the result of perception, construals refer to subjective interpretations of stimuli, and deductive code is not a recognized term in cognitive psychology.

Question 20

This theory of knowledge representation suggests that our mental representations are in an abstract form and not stored in the form of an image.
A)epiphenomena
B)holographic representations
C)dual-code
D)propositional

Accepted Answer

Propositional theory of knowledge representation suggests that our mental representations are in the form of abstract propositions or statements, rather than visual or sensory images. These propositions can be manipulated and transformed using logical operations, allowing for complex cognitive processes such as reasoning and problem-solving.

Quiz 7: The Landscape of Memory: Mental Images, maps, and Propositions

This type of code for representing information arbitrarily stands for what it represents and does not preserve some of the original features.

A scientist who studies classic epistemology would be studying the

This type of knowledge is "knowing how" to do something (e.g. ,steps involved in riding a bicycle) .

Declarative knowledge is one of the two kinds of knowledge structures,which include

This concept states that the relationship between a word and what it represents is arbitrary (e.g. ,there is nothing special about the word "dog" that represents particular aspects of a dog) .

The dual-code theory states that

"The U.S.Constitution was ratified in 1789" is an example of __________ knowledge.

Lee Brooks tested the notion that

Debbie is trying to recall the words to the French national anthem.Jim is trying to recall the exact appearance of the Statue of Liberty.If asked,Paivio would probably say that Debbie is retrieving information stored in a(n) code,whereas Jim is retrieving information stored in a(n) code.

This theory of knowledge representation suggests that our mental representations can take one of two forms-something similar to either imagined or verbal.

According to Allan Paivio,mental representations for words are represented in a(n) code,whereas visual images are represented in a(n) code.

According to the propositional theory,

The dual-code theory was first proposed by

The propositional theory was once championed by and .

__________ proposed the idea that mental images are epiphenomena and that we manipulate images using a propositional code,not an analogous one.

This type of code for representing information preserves some feature of what is being represented (e.g. ,a model showing the paths & distances from the sun of the various planets) .

Imagery includes

According to some researchers,which of the following forms of imagery do we seem to use most often?

This concept suggests that images are simply a result (a byproduct) or other cognitive processes.

This theory of knowledge representation suggests that our mental representations are in an abstract form and not stored in the form of an image.