Question 1

Ragini is mentally representing a map of her town.She represents a number of different landmarks.She will most likely estimate that the distance between two houses that look very similar as __________ the distance between two that look different.(Assume that in reality the distances are equal. )

Accepted Answer

People often perceive similar-looking objects as being closer together than they actually are, due to cognitive biases in spatial representation.

Question 2

When looking at the map that Quinlan drew of his hometown,one notices that streets with "odd" intersections appear to be more perpendicular than what they really are.This would be an example of

Accepted Answer

The right-angle bias refers to the tendency to perceive angles as being more perpendicular than they actually are, which can lead to misperceptions of spatial relationships. This corresponds to the observation that streets with "odd" intersections in Quinlan's map appear more perpendicular than they really are.

Question 3

Alice consistently judges two cities that are on the same highway as being closer to each other compared to two cities that are actually physically closer but after "further" away due to the highways connecting them.This discrepancy in apparent distance is an example of

Accepted Answer

The answer of Alice consistently judges two cities that are...

Question 4

Farah and her colleagues found activation of the occipital region of the brain for

Accepted Answer

Farah and her colleagues found activation of the occipital region of the brain for both visual perception and visual imagery.

Question 5

This type of spatial knowledge provides an overview of a space and contains information that would allow for estimating the distances between various landmarks.

Accepted Answer

Survey knowledge allows individuals to acquire an overview of a space, including the ability to estimate distances between various landmarks, unlike route-road knowledge or procedural maps which are more about sequences and directions, or relative-position knowledge which doesn't necessarily include distance estimations.

Question 6

In one of Farah's studies,L.H.had lesions in the temporo-occipital regions,the right temporal lobe,and the right inferior frontal lobe of the brain,causing his visual imagery ability to be

Accepted Answer

L.H.'s lesions in the temporo-occipital regions, right temporal lobe, and right inferior frontal lobe caused his visual imagery ability to be very weak, but his spatial ability was relatively normal. This is in contrast to option A, where both visual imagery ability and spatial skills are weak, and option B, where visual imagery ability is highly developed but spatial skills are nonexistent. Option C is misleading as it suggests normalcy in both visual imagery and spatial skills despite the presence of lesions in the brain.

Question 7

According to Barbara Tversky's alignment heuristic,people tend to

Accepted Answer

Barbara Tversky's alignment heuristic suggests that people tend to simplify their mental maps by distorting them, such that landmarks or features are remembered as being more aligned along imaginary straight lines than they actually are in reality. This helps in creating a more organized and simplified mental representation of spatial environments.

Question 8

Bill has often seen a main city street lined with buildings.He attempts to mentally represent the street,but he distorts it so that the buildings are all the same distance from the street,when in reality they are different distances from the street.Which heuristic has Bill used?

Accepted Answer

The alignment heuristic is a cognitive bias that causes people to perceive objects as being aligned with each other, even when they are not. In this case, Bill is perceiving the buildings as being all the same distance from the street, even though they are actually different distances from the street. This is because he is using the alignment heuristic to mentally represent the street.

Question 9

The rotation heuristic states that people tend to represent

Accepted Answer

The rotation heuristic states that people tend to represent slightly slanted objects as being more horizontal or vertical than they really are. This is because our brains prefer simple and stable visual information, so we try to map complex or tilted objects onto simpler, more familiar concepts.

Question 10

Which of the following is not one of Barbara Tversky's propositional heuristics?

Accepted Answer

The Landmark heuristic is not listed among Barbara Tversky's propositional heuristics, which include the symmetry heuristic, relative-position heuristic, and right-angle bias, among others. These heuristics describe how people simplify and represent spatial relationships.

Question 11

Nobel Prize-winning scientist Karl van Frisch studied the behavior of __________ and their methods of communicating information,which appear to be based on some type of imaginal maps.

Accepted Answer

Karl von Frisch studied bees and their communication methods which include the use of imaginal maps.

Question 12

In a study on students' perceptions of world maps,Jukka Saarinen found that,in general,students drew maps reflecting all of the following characteristics except

Accepted Answer

The other options reflect common characteristics found in students' perceptions of world maps according to Saarinen's study. Option C states that students made random distortions of the less well-known countries, but accurate perceptions of the sizes of the more well-known countries. However, Saarinen found that students tended to modestly distort the sizes of well-known countries and diminish the sizes of less well-known countries.

Question 13

The __________ heuristic seems equally strong in memory and perception,whereas the __________ heuristic appears to influence mental representation more than it does perception.

Accepted Answer

The symmetry heuristic is known for its strong influence in both memory and perception, as it helps individuals easily recognize and remember symmetrical shapes or patterns. On the other hand, the relative-position heuristic primarily affects mental representation, helping to organize and remember the spatial relationships between objects, rather than directly influencing perception.

Question 14

This heuristic is influence by ones conceptual knowledge such that one's mental image is distorted and made to conform to one's expectation of the space versus the actual spatial configuration.

Accepted Answer

The relative-position heuristic involves a distortion based on one’s conceptual knowledge, where the mental representation of space is adjusted to fit one’s expectations rather than the actual spatial layout.

Question 15

In reference to landmark knowledge,people tend to distort their mental images so that their mental estimates of distances

Accepted Answer

People tend to distort their mental images so that their mental estimates of distances increase in relation to the number of intervening landmarks. This is because each landmark represents a distinct point of interest or reference, making the distance seem longer due to the increased number of reference points.

Question 16

The map that Quinlan draws of the city that he lives in appears to be more "even" than what it really is.Streets that are not of the same length are in his drawing.The distribution of the city appears to be more even that what it really is.This would be an example of the

Accepted Answer

The symmetry heuristic is when people remember shapes, maps, or diagrams as being more symmetrical and regular than they actually are. Quinlan's drawing, which makes the city appear more "even" and symmetrical despite the actual irregular lengths of streets, is an example of this cognitive bias.

Question 17

In considering Farah's studies of L.H. ,it might be said that our knowledge of object labels and attributes taps __________ knowledge about the objects,whereas our ability to manipulate the orientation or the size of images taps __________ knowledge of the objects.

Accepted Answer

Farah's studies of L.H. suggest that knowledge of object labels and attributes (which are about facts and descriptions) taps into propositional knowledge, which is language-like and deals with facts about the objects. The ability to manipulate the orientation or the size of images, on the other hand, taps into analogue knowledge, which is more about visual and spatial representations that resemble the physical characteristics of objects.

Question 18

Which of the following is not one of the three types of knowledge used when forming and utilizing cognitive maps?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not one...

Question 19

Edward Tolman argued that rats running a maze learn a __________,an internal representation of the maze.

Accepted Answer

Edward Tolman's theory of cognitive maps proposes that rats (and other animals, including humans) learn a mental representation of physical space that allows them to navigate and plan routes. Therefore, the best choice is option A, cognitive map.

Question 20

In a study in which participants were asked to estimate distances between buildings on a map they had seen,the participants guessed __________ distances when traveling to a landmark than when traveling to a non-landmark.

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as the landmark effect, where people tend to overestimate distances when traveling to non-landmarks and underestimate distances when traveling to landmarks. Therefore, the participants in the study would have guessed shorter distances when traveling to a landmark than when traveling to a non-landmark.

Quiz 7: The Landscape of Memory: Mental Images, maps, and Propositions